Slave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Slave Trade - Essay Example The slave-sending out states, for example, Virginia occupied with antagonistic associations with slave-bringing in states in their jobs of vender and purchaser. In addition, as the slaves went farther south, the lower South states reasoned that the upper South was starting to change its point of view on subjugation. This distinction incited a profound discussion over the reviving of the African slave exchange. (Deyle, 2004) The zones of the Deep South observed that new imports would permit Virginia to stay a steadfast slave state. Be that as it may, Virginia didn't need recently showed up captives to decrease the estimation of its current human property. Seeing that subjection was enduring an onslaught and dreading the loss of Virginia to the free expresses, the lower South chose to seced. The Deep South constrained Virginia into severance. Around then, Virginia wanted to deny itself of the incomes from the local slave exchange. Southern cotton bolstered the material factories of England and the American North. Market powers overwhelmed the development and traffic of slave exchange. Slave dealers were requesting business visionaries who were completely invested in an exceptionally serious business (Deyle, 2005). Slave dealers went about as conductors of market esteems into the South, who at that point made ready to industrialism and theory and upgraded present day strategic policies to different locales . Slaveholders denied that they sold slaves energetically and protected themselves from complicity in the human traffic. (Deyle, 2004). The slave exchange has horde measurements. Southern ranchers, grower, and examiners conveyed their human property with them at whatever point they move from Alabama to Virginia. Additionally, numerous slaveholders needed to build their oppressed workforces. The experience of being offered to slave brokers and to a landowner was the most soul-tearing experience most African Americans suffered, beside substantial disciplines. An ex-slave Ben had related to questioner Mary White Ovington in 1910 that each fall, the slaves would be sold similarly that steers was sold.Slaveholders would move them starting with one spot then onto the next as though they were donkeys or ponies. Families would be part without thought for spouses, wives and youngsters. The individuals who had been offered to new bosses never recognized what's in store and they never had a suspicion of what sort of new ace they would experience in their new estate. (Jewett and Allen, 2004). At the point when Samuel Townsend, a slave proprietor from Virginia, required more slaves, he got them from merchants in Richmond. This development of slaves from the Upper South to the Gulf states introduced opportunities for gainful theories. A huge number of slaves conceived in Virginia appeared in Alabama during from 1820s to 1840s. Gatherings of slaves moved from Virginia and the Carolinas each fall. Montgomery was Alabama's biggest slave deal site. Blacks being moved however burdened by foot irons and chains were a miserable sight on the streets. After railways had been worked in Montgomery with the Upper South slave markets, especially during the 1850s, more merchants and examiners utilized the railways to move their human payload (Jewett and Allen, 2004). Uncle Tom's Cabin changed over the North to the reason for the slave. The book carried home to the core of the North, and of the world, that the slave was a man. The book was instrumental in passing on the way that the slave is connected to humankind by human love and desire and anguish yet without the privileges of man. (Merriam, 1970). Uncle Tom's

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay An investigation of The Kite Runner â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† Made by Hasnen Ali Introduction The Kite Runner is a remarkable book, which reminds us to what extent the Afghani individuals have been battling to triumph over the powers of savagery. As a result of the books solid story, we get an understanding in how individuals may have encountered the emergency in Kabul, despite the fact that it’s been appeared through a book. The writer Khaled Hosseini was a rehearsing doctor until after the book’s discharge. This was additionally his first novel, which was discharged in 2003 and ended up being a universal blockbuster. Despite the fact that the narrative of The Kite Runner is anecdotal, it’s dependent on a genuine story and furthermore on Hosseini’s recollections of experiencing childhood in Kabul. This additionally implies the class of the book is certainly not an anecdotal novel (many glance at it that way), yet an authentic novel. As indicated by an article in USA Today, The Kite Runner has sold more than 1. 4 million duplicates, which is an amazing deal for a first time creator. The story recounts a kinship between two young men experiencing childhood in Kabul. Despite the fact that they were brought up in a similar family, Amir and Hassan are from two â€Å"different worlds†. While Amir is the child of an affluent and regarded man (Baba), Hassan is the child of the family worker (Ali). The most significant factor in the story is the connection among Amir and Hassan. Their entwined lives and destiny, shows that all through the story despite the fact that, when their relationship was indivisible in the beginning. They despite everything figure out how to get isolated through desire. After five years, during the Soviet occupation, Amir and Baba are compelled to escape. They spend their new lives in California, and Amir begins a profession as a creator. Despite the fact that Amir feels that he has gotten away from quite a while ago. He despite everything can't leave the memory of Hassan behind him. Setting The story utilizes two principle settings. One is Afghanistan and the other is California. We could likewise say that the story is isolated into three areas: the recollections of pre-struggle Afghanistan, acclimating to life in America, and coming back to Taliban controlled Afghanistan. There is large distinction between these spots. While Afghanistan used to be a sheltered and serene country, their notoriety totally changed after Taliban began controlling the nation. The nation is likewise depicted as a wrecked and abandoned spot, while California is appeared as an approach to get away from their issues in Afghanistan. California will consistently be an a lot more secure spot to live, for both Amir and Baba, yet Baba despite everything misses Afghanistan, since he used to be rich and regarded. He misses Kabul in light of the fact that in California, he is totally the inverse. He works at a service station for a long time, and through the book we can feel that he misses nearly everything about his past home. It’s essential to comprehend their battle to adjust to their new home, since it shows how extraordinary Afghanistan is from California, and we likewise improve comprehension of the story. Structure and characters The Kite Runner begins with an anonymous storyteller, discussing his past and how it’s been influencing him for the last twenty-six years. The storyteller likewise gives us hints to what may occur, and the difficulties that will emerge. Subsequent to experiencing a couple of sections, we become acquainted with the principle characters better and their issues. The characters that we initially meet are Amir and Hassan. Amir is the storyteller and the principle character all through the story. He is an Afghan man with an uncommon youth. Through a large portion of his life Amir attempts to recover his notoriety according to his dad as he believed he was answerable for his mother’s passing. He likewise needs to demonstrate to his dad that he isn’t a weakling, and need to turn out to be increasingly similar to Hassan. Hassan is Amir’s closest companion during his youth and he is additionally his worker. Hassan is known for his steadfastness and solid connection to Amir. Later in the story, it’s uncovered that Hassan is Amir’s sibling. This implies Amir’s father had an unsanctioned romance with Ali’s spouse, and that Hassan is really his child. Hassan was likewise known for start the best kite sprinter in Kabul. Baba is a well off and regarded man, yet gets poor after he escapes to America. His relationship with Amir is fierce, and he needs Amir to become like Hassan, solid and fearless. Ali is Hassan’s father and Baba’s closest companion. He is a Hazara, however he got indistinguishable qualities from his child. Ali grew up along with Baba, similarly as Hassan and Amir did. He got an impairment also; despite the fact that it doesn’t prevent him from start an unwavering hireling. Rahim Khan is Baba’s dearest companion and one of only a handful hardly any individuals who realize that Hassan is Amir’s sibling. He is the one that gets back to Amir to go to Afghanistan. Assef is a domineering jerk and is liable for the assault of Hassan. This person is additionally an aficionado of Hitler, which plainly makes him a sociopath. At the point when he turns into a grown-up, he additionally joins the Taliban. He additionally has contempt towards the Hazara individuals, and likes to segregate them. Soraya is Amir’s spouse and has inconvenient past. She likewise deals with Baba, when he is wiped out and receives Shorab without questions. Sohrab is Hassan’s child. He additionally has a significant influence in the book. Assef oppresses him after he is taken from the shelter. Since Amir is the principle character in the book, he likewise grows above all the characters. We notice first that he gradually betrays Hassan, his outrage and desire develops one way, despite the fact that Hassan doesn’t do anything incorrectly. The assault of Hassan is actually an occasion that further isolates their relationship. Since there is such a great amount of show in this book, it doesn’t end yet. At the point when the Soviet attacks Afghanistan, Amir’s family escapes to another nation, uninformed that they lose the majority of their riches. Just because they experience how it is to be poor. Later in the book Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan and comes back to Afghanistan. He gets some answers concerning Hassan’s child Sohrab, and is resolved to carry him back home to America. Before he could spare Sohrab, he needed to confront Assef. Getting beaten by Assef and sparing Sohrab could be viewed as a last method to make up for himself. This additionally caused his blame to vanish. Subjects and tones In this story, there are many topics we could talk about like model: tormenting, fellowship, blame, treachery, kite, respect, recovery, father and child relationship, man’s barbarism to man, segregation and unwaveringness. There is a great deal of ethnic separation in Afghanistan and particularly the contention between the Pashtuns and the Hazara. The connection among Pashtuns and Hazaras has never been steady; since Pashtuns are generally Sunni Muslims and the Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara has been segregated for the most part in view of their confidence, language and facial appearance. In the book Ali is faithful to Baba, on the grounds that Baba’s father received Ali after his folks kicked the bucket. From that point forward Baba has consistently followed his father’s model and consistently been thoughtful to the Hazara individuals. Blame is likewise another topic that is raised. After the assault of Hassan, Amir can't stand to be around Hassan, in light of the fact that it helps him to remember that day. He even deceives Ali, and says that nothing occurred. The issue with Hassan is that he assumes the fault for everything and he doesn’t need to hurt Amir. In any event, when Amir advises Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate, he won't. When Hassan crushes the pomegranate on his own temple, Amir’s blame turns out to be surprisingly more terrible. At long last Amir makes Hassan and his dad leave, Hassan still thinks about Amir his closest companion. The story is written such that it despite everything influences you after your done perusing. Despite the fact that it’s a dim story with a great deal of misery for the individuals in Afghanistan, there still is some expectation and joy. Respect is communicated from numerous points of view, however the statement â€Å"for you, a thousand times over† is an extraordinary case of how they communicate. Decision The kite is a subject in the book that speaks to opportunity, despite the fact that you’re not in completely in charge of the kite’s destiny. I think the topic depicts the destiny of Amir and how he creates all through the book To me the story as said before is a chronicled novel, and not an anecdotal novel. This is on the grounds that it’s dependent on a genuine story and encounters Hosseini had when he was experiencing childhood in Kabul. I as essayist of this investigation is a Hazara, and I realize what sort of enduring the Hazara individuals have experienced. In some cases I believe that Hosseini may be Amir, yet they sure have a few likenesses. Connections: * http://www. usatoday. com/life/books/news/2005-04-18-kite-runner_x. htm * http://www. gradesaver. com/the-kite-sprinter/study-manage/* http://www. wikisummaries. organization/The_Kite_Runner * http://polsci167. blogspot. com/2011/09/kite-sprinter reclamation inside conditional. html

Remember, Remember, the 17th of December

Remember, Remember, the 17th of December… There has been some discussion on CollegeConfidential  and in the comments on my post announcing the 12/17 12:17 EA decision release. Specifically discussion about the reasons we picked that date and time. My favorite observation comes from optimistic-mom: 1217 and 2011 are prime numbers and MIT selects prime candidates is that a reason for the date and time! While Pharyngula on CollegeConfidential mused that perhaps it is an appeal to something which happened on a historically significant December 17th. I am going to continue to keep our reasons a deep, dark secret, but following Pharyngula and using their title here are some other momentous events from history which occured on 12/17s past according to Wikipedia: 546 â€" Gothic War: The Ostrogoths of King Totila conquer Rome by bribing the Byzantine garrison. 1538 â€" Pope Paul III excommunicates Henry VIII of England. 1777 â€" France formally recognizes the United States of America. 1790 â€" Discovery of the Aztec calendar stone. 1865 â€" First performance of the Unfinished Symphony by Franz Schubert. 1903 â€" The Wright Brothers make their first powered and heavier-than-air flight in the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 1935 â€" First flight of the Douglas DC-3 airplane. 1947 â€" First flight of the Boeing B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber. 1969 â€" Project Blue Book: The United States Air Force closes its study of UFOs, stating that sightings are generated as a result of A mild form of mass hysteria, Individuals who fabricate such reports to perpetrate a hoax or seek publicity, psychopathological persons, and misidentification of various conventional objects. 1989 â€" The first episode of television series The Simpsons, Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire, airs in the United States. 2003 â€" SpaceShipOne flight 11P, piloted by Brian Binnie, makes its first supersonic flight. 2010 â€" Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire. This act became the catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution. The success of the Tunisian protests sparked protests in several other Arab countries. Some of these events Id really prefer our applicants not to emulate (please: dont set yourself on fire or conquer any bastions of civilization ushering in centuries of dark ages tomorrow, anyone). Others would not be bad examples to follow (if you want to discover an ancient Aztec stone or fly a plane you invented, go ahead). Do any of these things have anything to do with why were going live on 12/17 at 12:17? No. What they have to with is this: history is awesome.

Visible Light - Chemistry Definition

Definition: Visible light is a range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. The wavelengths associated with this range are 380 nm to 750 nm. (1 nm 10-9 m)

African American History and Women Timeline 1860-1869

[Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1860-1869 1860 †¢ founded in 1832 and accepting male and female, white and black students, by 1860 Oberlin College had a student population that was one-third African American 1861 †¢ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, autobiography of Harriet Jacobs, was published, including descriptions of the sexual exploitation of female slaves †¢ Laura Towne, from Pennsylvania, went to the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina to teach the former slaves -- she ran a school in the Sea Islands until 1901, adopting several African American children with her friend and teaching partner, Ellen Murray 1862 †¢ Charlotte Forten arrived in the Sea Islands to work with Laura Towne, teaching former slaves †¢ Mary Jane Patterson, graduating from Oberlin College, was the first African American woman to graduate from an American college †¢ Congress abolished slavery in Washington, DC †¢ (July 16) Ida B. Wells (Wells-Barnett) born (muckraking journalist, lecturer, activist, anti-lynching writer and activist) †¢ (July 13-17) many New York African Americans killed in draft riots †¢ (September 22) Emancipation Proclamation issued, freeing slaves within territory controlled by the Union 1863 †¢ Fanny Kemble published Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation which opposed slavery and served as anti-slavery propaganda †¢ Memoir of Old Elizabeth a Coloured Woman published: autobiography of an African Methodist Episcopal evangelist †¢ Susie King Taylor, African American army nurse with the Union army, began writing her journal, later published as In Reminiscences of My Life in Camp: Civil War Nurse †¢ Mary Church Terrell born (activist, clubwoman) 1864 †¢ Rebecca Ann Crumple graduated from the New England Medical College, becoming the first African American woman M.D. 1865 †¢ slavery ended in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution †¢Ã‚  American Equal Rights Association  founded by  Elizabeth Cady Stanton,  Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone, and others, to work for equal rights for African Americans and women -- the group split in 1868 over which group (women or African American men) should take priority †¢Ã‚  Charlotte Forten  published Life on the Sea Islands about her teaching experiences as an African American northerner who went south to teach former slaves †¢ sculptor  Edmonia Lewis  produced a bust of Robert Gould Shaw, who led black troops in the Civil War †¢ (March 9) Mary Murray Washington born (educator, founder of the Tuskegee Womans Club, wife of Booker T. Washington) †¢ (April 11)  Mary White Ovington  born (social worker, reformer, NAACP founder) †¢ (-1873) many women teachers, nurses, and physicians went to the South to help former slaves by founding schools and providing other services, as part of the Freedmens Bureau effort or as missionaries with religious or more secular organizations 1866 †¢ President Andrew Johnson vetoed funding for and extension of the Freedmens Bureau, but Congress overrode the veto †¢Ã‚  Old Elizabeth  died 1867 †¢ Rebecca Cole graduated from medical school, the second African American woman to do so. She went on to work with  Elizabeth Blackwell  in New York. †¢Ã‚  Edmonia Lewis  created sculpture Forever Free communicating the response of African Americans when they heard of the end of slavery †¢ (July 15)  Maggie Lena Walker  born (banker, executive) †¢ (December 23) Sarah Breedlove Walker (Madam C.J. Walker) born 1868 †¢Ã‚  14th Amendment  to the US Constitition granted US citizenship to African American men -- for the first time explicitly defining US citizens as male. Attitudes towards the importance of this change split the American Equal Rights Association within the year. Much later, the 14th Amendment became the basis for various  equal protection  cases advocating for womens rights. †¢ Elizabeth Keckley, dressmaker and confidante of Mary Todd Lincoln, published her autobiography,  Behind the Scenes; or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House †¢ sculptor  Edmonia Lewis  produced  Hagar in the Wilderness 1869 †¢ biography  Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People  by Sarah Bradford published; proceeds funded a home for the elderly founded by  Harriet Tubman †¢Ã‚  National Woman Suffrage Association  founded (NWSA), with  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  as first president †¢ (November) American Woman Suffrage Association founded (AWSA), with Henry Ward Beecher as first president [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Eoct Em2 Free Essays

Admin AEL-list tools repair locker APL-equipment fixed to the hull/vessel Mica: * (management information configuration allowances) tailored to a specific individual unit or unit class * Parts of mica: 1. Section a- equipment nomenclature sequence- list of apl/ael-sorted by equipment 2. Section b- hsc description sequence- list of apl/ael-sorted by structure coed 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Eoct Em2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Section c- hsc code sequence- list of apl/ael-sorted by HSC 4. Section d-apl/ael number sequence- list of apl/ael-sorted by apl/ael number FED log: * Made up in two files . Interactive query coast guard only uses this one used as information resource 2. Batch file * Wild card is the ability to search characters or numbers * Data view bar provides quick links to different screens in fed log * Icon (magnifingglass)Characteristics data response- provides description information * Icon (man) Management Data response- provides the service/agency CMPLUS: * Supports unit supply mission * Take material from inventory you must do an initial request * Inventory * Initial requests * Initial requests * Orders Receipts * Suppliers allowances * Group inventory OPFAC- identifies each Coast Guard unit Surflog: * Fill out a surlog: 1. Department coed 2. Opfac 3. Cog code 4. Stock number 5. Unit of issue 6. Nomenclature andsupplier 7. Quanitity needed 8. Cost * federal supply system * keep track of h ow much money you have expended * identify what is ordered and what has been recived * if you are copying information from old surg log confirm info in fedlog. Procurement request- form dot f 4200. 1. 2 cg- commercial suppliers MPC- PMS detail instruction card E. – A-M-3356(A=auxiliary M=monthly 3356=identification number) M-main propulsion machinery A-auxiliary E-electrical R-damage control NEM- m9000. 6 ELC website -submit a change Engineering dept shall maintain single tag-out log Tag out- comdtinst 9077. 1 * Check and audits once every two weeks by cognizant dept * Tag numbers shall start over OCT 1 * Size of the vessel determines the number of tag-out logs required * Replacing a missing tag- next sequential number on tag out sheet * Check correctly installed visual compare- tag out record sheet and tag audit Recommend change in PMS procedures must: In written form * Given to the PSM coordinator FPD( financial and procurement) provides acquisitions and accounting First qu arter- is oct-dec Take material from inventory you must do an initial request TACHOMETER Tachometer- is an instrument that generates, transmits, and indicates info that is converted into a measurement of rotation speed Verify reading against info found on nameplate data 4 types of Tachometer: 1. Chronometric Tachometer, accessible shaft, press and release start button, displays after 5sec 2. Centrifugal tachometer, continuous reading of rpm’s on accessible shaft 3. Resonant tachometer, vibrating, when shaft is not accessible 4. Photo-electric tachometer, battery operated, non-contact(place reflective tape on shaft Calibration done- 12 to 18 months, sticker has last calibration and due date Frequency = number of cycles in a given time F (Hertz) = number of poles X rpm/120 Rpm=120 X f/ no of poles Transducers Pressures Transducers- convert pressure into an electrical output signal that is proportionate to the input pressure. Always obtain permission prior to troubleshooting, isolate from the pressurized system Replace with same type or a higher grade King nutronics- 2250 psi Uses 4-20ma so it travel longer distances Don’t zero and span to compensate reading Easily manipulated Prone to interference Troubleshooting- verify transducer is the problem Resistance Temp Detector RTD (resistance temp detector) temp sensor whose electrical resistance changes linearly with change in temp RTD is connected to wheatherstone bridge Two elements with separate temp gauge 1. Nickel: -40 to 1000 degree for all configurations 2. Platinum: -40 to 1000 degree for thermowell, bare bulb and embedded configuration Two wire sensing element: red and white * needs compensation circuit Three wire sensing elements: 2whites and red* no need compensation Three types of RTD configurations: 1. 5sec. embedded( oil film temp in machinery bearing) 2. 8sec. Thermowell ( high pressure) 3. 15sec. Bare Bulb directly immersed in high pressure gas Thermocouple Thermocouple is device to measure temp as temp changes a electrical potential in MV is generated Used in pyrometer Air temp change in a cold junction will cause erroneous reading Cleaning: approved solvent, checking loose or dirty connection, calibrations UAW tech manual by manufactures Two dissimilar metals that is referred as HOT JUNCTION(thermocouple sensor) Two dissimilar metals become similar is Cold junction (reference junction) Two type of therocouples 1. Type K, chromel(+yellow) Alumel (-Red) 2. Type J, Iron (+white) constantan (-Red) Synchro Two types of damping methods: 1. Electrical 2. Mechanical Highest value of effective voltage induced in one stator coil is 52v Rapid and accurate transmission Electromagnetic induction Two general classifications: 1. Troque -moves light loads like dials 2. Control -heavy loads gun directors Two common synchro rotors or windings: 1. Salient pole rotor 2. Drum or wound rotor Synchro resembles small electrical motor operates like a variable transformer NEVER connect 400hz synchro to 60hz voltage Operating voltage and frequency is mark on name plate Military standard and navy prestandard synchros- 115 vac or 26vac Load dictates the type of synchro and system By reversing s1 and s3 both synchro motors turn the same amount, in opposite directions Change S2 causes 120 degree error – it reverses the direction Oscillation and spinning of the pointer: 1. Stator winding are shorted 2. Defective damper Reversal R1 and R2 180 degree error – rotation remains the same Damping circuit prevents gear train oscillations or spinning Common zeroing methods: 1. AC Voltmeter method( most accurate) 2. Electrical-lock( fastest) Rotor gets voltage by primary winding â€Å"excitation† Stator gets voltage from the Rotor by magnetic coupling GYRO Heading, roll and pitch Transmits info to weapons control, sonar radar, depth control, dead reckoning Gyrocompass has two basic properties: 1. Rigidity in space(rigid, no force) 2. Precession(right angle, applied force) MK27: 1. Consists of master compass, electronic control unit and power converter 2. Seeks true north 3. ECU-operating control-servo Amplifier-alarm Circuitry-power supply-latitude control circuitry 4. S-1 switches- Slew, Start, Run- manual or auto 5. E- core pickoff- generates signal from proportional to gyro from null 6. J3 test points- master compass 7. Full wave bridge rectifier –rectifies AC to DC 8. Choke input filter-creates smooth DC voltage Anemomter Wind direction(HD) and speed(HE) indicator relative to ships heading and speed Wind speed indicator- visual indication of wind speed and direction(single phase 115vac) Voltmeter is used with anemometer Wind speed indicator(HE) transmits signal voltmeter(magneto) Capacitor prevents RF interference or reduces stator currents Set emits RF interference: defective capacitor at rear, replace for magneto Remove 2300 ohm resistor from both sides when using to indicators Salinity Fresh water contaminated excess of 0. 25 grains of sea salt per gallon alarm will go off (audiovisual) After the solenoid is de-energized it must be manually reset Dumper valve solenoid de-energized when impurities reach alarm proportions diverting water overboard Cell test resistor- small portable unit with contact fingers System test cell inspection- monthly Inspection- bi-monthly Thermistor- temp sensitive resistor which limits current flow across the gap between the plates Salinity Module test/installation- 23 vac across tp1- tp2 gaps shorted cell/wiring ciruit VLA) Visual Landing Aids Helo deckarea marker- Lighting-Approach aids Wave off lights- cue to pilot landing is unacceptable Wave-off light will not extinguish when wave-off switch is secured command is being sent from remote panel Homing beacon -white lamp-main mast-flashes 90x per min Lamp circuit- wired: step down transformer(115/32 volts) to variable dimming circuit Line-up- lights-20 lights-white and flash in sequenc e- uni or bi-directional VLA power requirements lighting system 120v/60hz WIPER Window wipers- DC voltage, taking 115vac single-phase using full-wave bridge rectifier Oil to external oil cup lubs the brushes Replace every 3000 hours or two times a year Life span is one year Drive mechanism- converts the rotation of the motor to go back and forth Pendulum window wiper-wiper switch to park (to place wiper out of view) Steering To determine rudder rate a HARD-OVER- TO HARD –OVER command is given while ship is moving in max speed. Overtravel-is a steering position on rudder beyond the order angle and remains at that position Overshoot- few degrees beyond the older angle but returns to the order angle Three modes of operation of steering system: 1. Follow up 2. Auto pilot 3. Non follow up Four components: 1. Hydraulic system-hydraulic power units and rudder actuators 2. Emergency equipment 3. Rudder position feedback system 4. Steering controls Control circuit- generates an electrical signal to move the rudder Hydroulic power unit(HPU) ports hydraulic fluid to the actuator Actuator turns hydraulic power into mechanical motion Steering force of water acting on the rudder Solenoid valve- controls hydraulic fluid to the actuators- to move rudder Uses hydraulics to control rudder because of the high torque –to-weight ratio Maximum error allowed on rudder angle is + or -2 Battery Normal temp-80f degrees Initial: a low-rate charge given to a new battery Normal: Routine charge IAW nameplate data Emergency: a fast or boost charge Equalizing: extended normal charge given at a specific gravity Floating: voltage maintained within the limits of 2. 13 to 2. 17 volts per cell Polarization index test Determines condition of windings through a chart Brushes * Never mix brushes-rapid brushes wear could happen when mismatched * Replace if worn 1/8 inch Seat brushes in brush holder with 80grit sandpaper * Brush holders are the same distance from the commucator- no more then 1/8 no less than 1/16 unless said by manufacturer Air Gaps * distance thousands of inch between stator and rotor * measured with machinist tapered feeler gauge * reading within 10% Bearings * never use a naked flame to heat a shaft bearing or housing * two methods to remove bearings 1. arbor press 2. puller method * three method to install bearing 1. arbor press 2. puller method 3. hammer with an appropriately size tube lubricated and sealed at the factory * antifriction bearings 1. radial 2. angular contact 3. thrust * heated in oven, furnace, or oil- at 203+/- 10degrees to expand the inner ring for assembly * hot alignment- operating temp * cold alignment-room temp * Alignment check are required under the following conditions a. Upon installation b. Base or foundation is repaired c. Any action done to bearings or motor d. When specified by PMS * Preferred pump shaft alignment is the indicator reverse method * Dial indicator shows . 04 or more movement and soft foot exists * Soft foot condition has not improved after two corrections a bent foot exist * Four approved alignment methods 1. Rim and face 2. Indicator reverse 3. Close-couple pump 4. Straight edge/ feeler gauge POWER Breakers: * AQB breaker for generator switchboards * ACB (air ci rcuit breakers) commonly installed in cutter switchboards * NLB have no automatic tripping device, it uses on/off switch * NQB have no automatic tripping device, it uses circuit isolation and manual transfer applications. Selective tripping of breakers is normally accomplished with a short time-delay feature * No authorized changes should be made to trip settings on a breaker * Purpose of switchboard circuit breakers are: 1. Circuit protection 2. Circuit isolation 3. The normal switching operation of an electrical circuit For silver or silver alloys contacts maintenance: 1. Fine file or sandpaper NO. 00 fine sandpaper is used to clean For copper contacts 2. Never use emery cloth Decrease contact forces may cause Overheating of the contact trips( loud humming or chattering is the warning) Power factor = kw/kva * Kva-apparent power * Kw-true power- the power actually used (uses a wattmeter) Reverse power relay-reverse current rating setting 5% for 10seconds Voltage regulator senses output voltage To obtain 100% power factor circuit must be purely resistive Uninterruptible power supply (ups) protects system from low voltage brown outs Motor generator (MG) is electrical motor that turns a generator (supplies regulated type111 electrical power to system) Motor generator output-120v, three phase, 400hz INDICATOR LIGHTS * White mg power is available * Blue generator circuit breaker is closed * Yellow mg is in use on the other circuit * Clear ground in the system/synchronizing * Red danger * Green normal Hysteresis loss, caused by friction develop between magnetic particles as they rotated though each cycle The primary windings of a current transformer should be connected in the line carrying the current to be measured One terminal of the secondary should be grounded Logarithmic negative temp coefficient- an increase in temp but decrease in resistance Positive temperature coefficient- an increase in temp and increase in resistance Negative temperature coefficient- an decrease in temp and decrease in resistance Only 450m 3phase 3 wire system ungrounded shore power source is acceptable for supplying electrical power. D’arsonval effect- through coil-magnetic field-repel or retract from coil magnetism Selective tripping- time delay source breakers 2301= 4 to 9 terminal MK 27 GYRO COMPASS IS A DIRECT READING COMPASS. SEEKS AND CONTINUOUSLY INDICATES THE MERIDIAN OR TRUE NORTH TWO BASIC PARTS OF THE MASTER COMPASS IS THE BINNACLE AND THE BASE ELECTRICAL CONTROL UNIT (ECU) OF THE MK 27 HOUSES OPERATING CONTROLS, FOLLOW UP SERVO AMPLIFIER, ALARM CIRCUIT, POWER SUPPLY, AND LATITUDE CONTROL WHAT CIRCUIT DESIGNATION FOR AN AIR FLOW ALARM HF COMPONENTS OF AN ALARM INDICATOR SYSTEM ARE SUPERVISORY CIRCUIT, ALARM CIRCUIT, ALARM DEVICES DRIVE UNIT CONVERTS ROTARY MOTION OF THE DRIVE MOTOR INTO A BACK AND FORTH MOTION IN A WINDOW WIPING SYSTEM PENDULUM POWER REQ 115 VOLTS, SINGLE PHASE AC SYCNCHRO CAPSITORS MAINTAINS ACCURACY IN SYNCHRO SYSTEMS. ALSO REDUCES STATOR CURRENTS M. I. C. A DESIGNATED TO A SPECIFIC UNIT FPD PROGRAM PROVIDES SIMPLIFIED ACQUISITION AND ACCOUNTING FUNCTIONS FOR LARGE UNITS OF THE COAST GUARD PRIMARY POWER FOR COAST GUARD 450 VOLT, THREE PHASE, 60HZ SECONDARY POWER FOR COAST GUARD 120 VOLT, THREE PHASE, 60HZ, TWO WIRE GROUND DETECTOR CANNOT DETECT GROUNDS THROUGH A TRANSFORMER POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT THE RESISTANCE INCREASES WITH TEMPERATURE WATER INSIDE TRANSDUCER IS FROM†¦ EITHER FROM HUMIDIDTY OR FLUID FROM THE SYSTEM LEAKING BY THE DIAPHRAGM ADVANTAGE FOR USING A 4-20MA SIGNAL IN A TRANSDUCER IT CAN BE TRANSMITTED WITH LITTLE TO NO INTERFERENCE THREE LEAD RTD DOES NOT REQUIRE A †¦ COMPENSATION CIRCUIT REED SWITCH USED IN FLOODING ALARM SYSTEM BEARINGS DISASSEMBLING PRELIMINARIES BEFORE DISASSEMBLING, MATCH MARK ALL ADJACENT PARTS INCLUDING END BELLS, STATOR FEET, CARTRIDGE COVERS, END CAPS, AND COUPLING HALVES, SO THATTHEY ARE REMOUNTED IN THEIR EXACT ORIGINAL POSITION DUMP VALVE MUST BE RESET MANUALLY FUNCTION OF THERMISTOR ON THE SALINITY CELL A TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE RESISTOR WHICH LIMITS THE CURRENT FLOW ACROSS THE GP BETWEEN THE PLATES PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE FOR SALINITY SYSTEM METER CHECK (DAILY), ALARM TRIP LEVELS (WEEKLY), SYSTEM TEST (MONTHLY), CELL INSPECTION (MONTHLY), CELL VALVE INSPECTION (YEARLY), SYSTEM INSPECTION (BI- MONTHLY) POWER REQ FOR ANEOMETER 115 VAC, 60 HZ Term First       Both Sides TROUBLE SHOOTING SYNCHRO SYSTEMOVERLOAD INDICATOR LIGHTS, UNITS HUM AT ALL TX SETTINGS, ONE UNIT OVERHEATS, TR FOLLOWS SMOOTHLY BUT READS WRONG (ROTOR CIRCUIT OPEN OR SHORTED), OVERLOAD INDICATOR LIGHTS, UNITS HUM ON TWO OPPOSITE TX SETTINGS, BOTH UNITS GET WARM, TR TURNS SMOOTHLY IN ONE DIRECTION, THE REVERSES (STATOR CIRCUIT OPEN)| preventive maintence comdtinst m9000. , scheduled mpc serial numbers are first component is system it belongs to and 2nd is the frequency adding oil to the external cup lubricates†¦ the bushings components of the steering system are: steering controls, hydraulic system, rudder feedback system, emergency system primary mode for the steering system is hydraulic and electric Pressure senseing element converts gas or liquid energy into pschycal(mechnical) displacement Pressure snubber is a pressure transmitting device that restricts the rate of fluid flowing to a pressure senseing instrument and as the result, the rate f pressure changes How to cite Eoct Em2, Essay examples

Management Theory And Ethical Dilemmas †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Theory And Ethical Dilemmas. Answer: Introduction Ethical dilemmas are common to a real world business organization. Ethical dilemmas are the common phenomenon that takes place frequently in the organization. It is a situation where an individual is unable to find out the difference between right and wrong. Employees have to deal with the organizational pressure that leads to an accumulated pressure. The choice regarding the organization is developed based on the unethical practices. Excessive competition in the business atmosphere leads to use of unethical practices at work. Large-sized business organization has a tendency to overlook the ethical dilemma. Whistle blowers are hiding due to the fear of management (Broad, 2014). Hence Ethical dilemma has become an extremely pressurizing situation for the employees and the management. Pressure to perform well from the management is driving the employees into wrong direction. Employees have to perform under such conditions making it into a nightmare. The unethical business practice is q uestioning the credibility of employees and management. In the recent time, Organizations like Volkswagen, Johnson and Johnson, Samsung and McDonalds gained widespread criticism due to their unethical practices (Broad, 2014). The report therefore review the unethical practices followed by McDonalds in 2016 during theroid Olympics. The largest burger restaurant chain is known for selling toys with the happy meal. Over the years, they have made sophisticated changes in the toys depending on thronging market trend. In 2016 Olympics the Brand introduced Step-It, a pint-sized step counter for children. The watch-like device was introduced by McDonalds to attract kids to buy a happy meal. The watch was manufactured for the kids to monitor their daily physical activities. Dozens of users stated developing skin irritation though these watches. Record of such incidences has this has brought attention of the world media and created an anger in the global market (CBC News, 2016). Background McDonalds has a long history of working with the Olympic committee. It has been a loyal sponsor since a very long time. The restaurant chain is famous among the kids for the toys that give as a complementary gift with the happy meal. In 2016 Olympics the Brand introduced Step-It, a pint-sized step counter for children. The watch-like device was introduced by McDonalds to attract kids to buy a happy meal. The device was manufactured with a clear motive to attract more kids. The idea was to generate curiosity among kids to promote getting in shape. The watches were made with a cheap material in order to attract more number of kids (Charlebois, 2016). The information regarding the skin irritation forced the restaurant chain to stop the sale of happy meals toys. The issue gained nation-wide protest and brought the attention of media agencies. The unethical practice to gross up the profits triggered the nationwide agitation against the brand during the Rio Olympic. This was not the first kind of incidence registered in the past years. There were many such incidences where McDonalds came under highlights due to its unethical practice (Forbes. 2017). The happy meal strategy was built to attract attention of kids. The unethical dilemma here was to increase the revenue with less investment. The happy meal strategy was developed by making vast investment on the advertisements. The dilemma arises when the company wants to make profit through wrongful mean. McDonalds has been making news headlines because of its unhealthy menu. Most of the health organization is blaming the restaurant chain for their unhealthy menu. All these business prac tices followed by McDonalds are affecting long term profitability. The management turn blind eye to ethical breaches resulting in such incidences. There is an extreme level of competition among the business enterprise to make profits. This has resulted in unethical business practices have created a difficulty in managing the situation (Gibison, 2017). The report provides information regarding the ethical dilemma faced by McDonalds during the Rio Olympics. The basic purpose is to understand the concept of Ethical Dilemma and to identify the issues faced by the company in meeting the targets. CSR is an important part in an organization. For the purpose of managing the organization it is important to understand the functions of ethical dilemma. It is important for a business organization to follow an ethical corporate culture this will guarantee a regular growth within an organization. The unethical business practices are creating problem for the economy on a long run (Gorey, 2016). Scope To identify the ethical issue and to highlights the reason behind such a situation. The harmful effects of ethical dilemma can be seen in the regular business practice. Large-sized business organizations generally avoid the concept of ethical dilemma. They only look for making profits that but the integrity of the organization questionable. Pressure to perform well from the management is driving the employees into wrong direction. Employees have to perform under such conditions making it into a nightmare. The unethical activities at Mc Donalds have affected the organization badly. These business practices are harmful for their reputation itself. The unethical practice was highlighted by the media houses. The report focus on the factors that forces an organization to function unethically. The ethical Dilemma McDonalds is known across the world for its hazardous menu causing tallness. The menu offered by the brand causes diseases like obesity, infections etc. This has created an issue in managing health of kids. There are different unethical activities carried by McDonalds bringing notice of health organizations to the issue. The Happy Meal by McDonalds represents approximately 10 percent of the total sales of McDonalds. Approximately 1.5 billion happy meals are sold internationally. The toys provided by McDonalds add to the bottom line of the company. Recently, San Francisco banned the bargain practice followed by the companies as its strategy. All these business tactics act as a dime activity in the era of competition. The concept of Social license is a skill used by the business organizations in order to operate with confidence. This is to deal with the lawful activities followed by the organization. As per The existing policies, the company is using supply chain transparency, environmental stewardship and gender equality for managing the team. All These resources have critical issue to the organization in dealing with the challenging industry (Hoffman, Frederick Schwartz, 2014). The happy meal has grabbed attention of many people across the world. In Chile, the fast food chains are not allowed to giv e free toys with the happy meal. In few countries McDonalds is giving away books with the happy meal. The toys sold by McDonalds are able to grab Children imagination for a few hours at most. It is objected by few that giving away of happy meal is a waste. The moral obligation while giving away resides with the food restaurant chain. There is a change in the business practices, what was satisfactory a few years ago are not amused in the present business environment. The brand needs to establish itself as a pioneer in the market through healthy habits (Joiner, 2016). There are convinced flaws in the watches design that caused skin abrasions. It affected the sudden recall from all over the world. Many international brands are using this technique to entice children across the globe. The StepIt has brings the attention of whole world on the ethical and moral dimensions. Companies are only focusing on the finance. They are using business practices that are not good for the organization (Kroc, 2016). McDonalds toy distribution strategy is under question due to the lack of nutritional value. Consumers are questioning the organizational practices. In order to manage a balance between the ethical practices it has to focus on an effective way to meet the result. As an alternative of distributing toys it should find out effective strategies to position itself at a competitive place. Distribution of toys with the happy meal is the brand strategy. The use of unethical practice in business is disruptive for gaining long term advantage (Marczewski, 2016). The recent issue At Rio Olympics is an example of ethical dilemma. The unethical practice by McDonalds to sell off toys made of cheap quality is a serious ethical issue. It is strange to imagine that the companies are putting a lot of effort to drain income. McDonalds has faced issues due to lesser nutritional value in their menu. The happy meals sold at McDonalds are considered as one of the major reasons of obesity in ki ds. Like other restaurant chain shifting their focus on the social responsibility; McDonalds has a responsibility of developing itself as a healthy brand among kids (Meith, 2007). The unethical practices are creating problem hence affecting the market position on a long term. The lesser nutritional value in the food is one of the reason affecting the market value of the brand. Many voluntary organizations are raising concern against the happy meals and distribution toys along with it. However, it is important from the point of view of global responsibility towards nutritional value (Nill, 2015). By Selling happy meal and StepIt together is contradictory in itself. How is it possible to expect health by eating junk food? The cheap devise sold by the brand had a purpose to attract kids. This strategy initially helped in building revenue but later changed the complete situation (Press Association.2016). Implication of Kantianism Theory The theory focuses on developing healthy habit in consistency with the organization. The purpose of this theory is to state the action of making a rational choice regarding the ethical values. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean. This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural value. It is important for the organization to focus on managing the ethical practice in an effective way. The issue seen in this situation is regarding the ethical breaches. These ethical breaches seen in the recent time has a long term impact on the organization. In order to make profit, companies are using unethical means. As per Kantianism Theory the organization using such a policy can be justifiable from the point of view of company. The only purpose of the organization is to make profit through any mean. Its the market that can cause potential harm to kids. It is important from the point of view of a brand working from a very long time. These issues need to be highlighted in order to gain profitable interest. It is recommended to behave ethically on a long run in order to avoid the situation (Queerty2011). Role of a leader A leader has a role to look after the organizational operations. In the existing competitive situation, it is evident to manage the organization by managing the individual interest. It is the responsibility of a leader to give a correct brief regarding the ethical issues. It is important to beware about the changes tiling place in the business environment. Awareness is important for the organization in order to deal with the issues. By focusing on every individual employee, it is possible to manage the organization in an effective way. These policies are important to be curate by the leader. It is his duty to generate awareness about the issue taking place in the organization. The employees need to be informed about the ethical violations in the organization (winter, 2011). It is their responsibility to imbibe formal culture about the organization in order to gain market effectiveness. It is the fiduciary duty of the manager to act in the good faith of the organization. It this way t hey can put forward the required changes in order to gain goodwill. These changes are important to manage the activities in a better way (Santa Carla University.2014). In the given situation, it is the duty of the manager to lead the changes and add transparency into the process. In this situation, it is important to manage the business enterprise carefully by imparting training and development. The systematic training and development regarding such activities need to be given properly at the time of employee orientate. Employees under extreme pressure work unethically (Weekly, 2017). In order to manage such a situation, it is important to derive an effective plan by imbibing planning and development. These factors are important for considering the organizational growth and development. While working in such a situation, the manger has to focus on each and every individual in order to gain competitive market advantage (Sheehan, 2013). There are certain incidences where a company is making a continuous mistake through unethical business practice. Being a market leader in a fast food chain it is there primary duty to focus efficiently by looking at ethical issues. The company just to make enormous profit cannot use unethical business practices. This will affect the business and various other -functions on the long run. Companies like McDonalds are attracting audience especially kids through advertisements. It is the part of their promotional activities. They have an accountability to act ethically in the favor of the whole society. The overall purpose of a global company is to meet corporate social responsibility in an effective way (Press Association, 2016). A manger holds an important position that makes them accountable for ethical reasons. They need to fulfill an obligation towards the organization as well by monitoring ethical practices. McDonalds cannot get away with the responsibility towards the society. Thi s is becoming important from the part of the organization to check booming measures to carry out tasks. The occurrence of such event in the past has triggered issues in the organization requesting a need for an effective measure in order to meet the future needs (Stein, 2016). In this situation it is important to look out for an effective way facilitating organization to grow. A leader has to set a plan in order it avoid such a situation. This is only possible if the employs are ready to imbibe the organizational culture. This will let them work more efficiently without any external pressure to perform. A leader has to set an example in order to manage issues. Ethical dilemma occurs when an employee try to push himself in an unethical way. These situations are harmful for the organization on long run. This is having a significant impact in terms of managing the organization (Trevino Nelson, 2016). This is required for a business organization in the international market. Incidence l ike this is an eye-opener. People tend to get information regarding the bad practices followed by the Multi-national organization. This only created problem s in the organization. The credibility is important aspect for managing the credibility for a long term. For this reason it is evident to set an example for the whole world by meeting the existing policies (The Associated Press2016). Recommendations Ethical dilemma is common in todays competitive business environment. In order to manage such a situation, it is important to come up with an effective plan to reduce the ill-effect it is having on the business environment. It is recommended that McDonalds should practice in an effective way by introducing systematic strategies. The current target market of McDonalds is kids for the reason it is expected from the brand to follow ethical measures setting example for the whole society (Tran, et al 2015). The business leaders need to create competitive market strategy by keeping in mind the ethical values. The employees should not be forced to perform above expectations. This might affect the organization globally. For McDonalds it is important to come up with an effective business strategy to meet the results. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean (Tylee, 2016). This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural valu e. There is a growing necessity to meet the compliance in regard with meeting the effective results. There is a need of a strong legal compliance in order to refer this issue. This issue is currently affecting the organizational growth and development and has a long-lasting impact on its goodwill. It is responsibility of McDonalds to form a compliance team. This team should be given a responsibility to deal with such a situation. There is a responsibility to develop an effective plan in order to deal with the situation (Vaughn, 2015). Conclusion The changes in global working condition are putting an impact on the organizational ethical values. It is important for an organization to look after the problems it faces in meeting the target. This is important for focusing on organizational growth and development on a long run. For the purpose of bringing integrity, it is evident to manage an effective business framework relocating the factors in an effective way. The company need to works ethically without using unethical mean. This means, using a path where the organization is able to manage the organizational cultural value. It is important for the organization to focus on managing the ethical practice in an effective way. CSR practices are important for an organization to meet the objectives. The report is based on concept regarding the organizational ethical dilemma and the process to manage. It describes the threats associated with the organization and how one can reduce such situations. As per The existing policies, the com pany is using supply chain transparency, environmental stewardship and gender equality for managing the team. Hence, it is an important practice for a business organization to follow an effective way to overcome ethical dilemma. References Broad, C. D. (2014).Five types of ethical theory(Vol. 2). Routledge. Carr, D., and Steutel, J. (2005). Virtue Ethics and Moral Education. Oxon: Routledge. CBC News,(2016). McDonald's Happy Meal mistake, and Rio's poor Olympic ROI: BUSINESS WEEK WRAP. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/mcdonald-s-this-week-in-business-1.3737286 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Charlebois,S.(2016). Is it time for McDonalds to rethink the ethics of the Happy Meal? . (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/is-it-time-for-mcdonalds-to-rethink-the-ethics-of-the-happy-meal/article31514884/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Forbes. (2017) Top 10 Global Fast-Food Chains. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eglg45fkdjj/1-mcdonalds/#a6c2d6c21323 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Gibison,A.(2017). McDonalds: A Good Image with Bad Ethics. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.neumann.edu/about/publications/NeumannBusinessReview/journal/review_08/Gibison.pdf (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Gorey,C.(2016). Im rubbing it: McDonalds wearable recalled over skin irritation. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.siliconrepublic.com/gear/mcdonalds-wearable-skin-irritation (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., Schwartz, M. S. (Eds.). (2014).Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Joiner,J.(2016). McDonalds Is Using Your Kids To Survive. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/19/mcdonald-s-cure-for-bad-pr-your-kids (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Kroc, R. (2016) Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's. New York: St. Martin's Press. Marczewski, A. (2016). Pokemon Go: The Good, The Bad and Some Lessons. Meith, H. (2007) The History of McDonald's. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Nill, A. (2015) Handbook on Ethics and Marketing. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. Press Association.(2016). Backlash over McDonald's and Coca-Cola Olympics sponsorship comments. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-3724604/Backlash-McDonalds-Coca-Cola-Olympics-sponsorship-comments.html (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Queerty. (2011) McDonalds Toy Stereotyping: One Happy Meal With a Side of Gender Issues To Go Please. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.queerty.com/mcdonalds-toy-stereotyping-one-happy-meal-with-a-side-of-gender-issues-to-go-please-20110318 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Santa Carla University. (2014) Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/calculating-consequences-the-utilitarian-approach/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Sheehan, K. B. (2013).Controversies in contemporary advertising. Sage Publications. Stein, S. (2016) McDonald's Happy Meal Step-It fitness trackers officially recalled. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.cnet.com/news/mcdonalds-fitness-trackers-officially-recalled/ (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) The Associated Press. (2016) McDonalds recalls millions of Happy Meals fitness bands after reports of burns, blisters. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.theglobeandmail.com//report-on-business/international-business/us-business/mcdonalds-recalls-millions-of-happy-meals-fitness-bands-after-reports-of-burns-blisters/article31507133/?cmpid=rss1 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Tran, M. A., Nguyen, B., Melewar, T. C., Bodoh, J. (2015). Exploring the corporate image formation process.Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal,18(1), 86-114. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Tylee,J.(2016). Should the Olympics allow fast-food sponsors? (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/olympics-allow-fast-food-sponsors/1404057 (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Vaughn, L., 2015.Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company. Weebly. (2017) Ethics of Mcdonalds. (Online). Retrieved from: https://mcdonaldsethics.weebly.com/mcdonalds-ethical-issues.html (Accessed on: 3 October 2017) Winter, M. (2011). Rethinking Virtue Ethics. New York: Springer.

Globe Theatre Essays (1285 words) - William Shakespeare,

Globe Theatre Globe Theatre In the cobblestone roadways and roughly built playhouses, an extraordinary development took place in England in the 1500s. At that time, a burst of literary accomplishments arose that was never before seen in the history of the theater. In the all-new idea of theaters, playwrights lifted the Elizabethan Theater to new heights. Men like Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe dared to write plays about real people in a variety of real situations. (Yowell 13) Through their efforts, these men and those of similar qualities produced dramas that were far more sophisticated and entertaining than ever before. Audiences expressed their pleasure by demanding more and more plays. The public shared a great deal of interest in the theaters and playwrights of this time. People from all over the city of London would travel to experience the dramatic feel of the Elizabethan Theater. The theater was a very important aspect of Elizabethan life in the medieval ages. Life in Elizabethan times was difficult and dangerous. Many people were poor tenant farmers, often living at the mercy of wealthy landowners. People threw trash of all kinds into streets, and tolerated fleas, lice, and rats in their homes and clothing. (Richman 1) Disease and Death were a part of everyday life. Elizabethans sought relief from their harsh lives by attending plays and other forms of entertainment, which made the theater so important to Elizabethan culture. There were many theaters in Elizabethan times, all very similar to each other. However, when William Shakespeare began writing playwrights, the final production was so exceptional, that no other person could compare. With this, Shakespeare was mainly centered at one theater, The Globe. With the popularity of playwrights in the middle ages, the theaters themselves were popular as well. By the late 1500s, performances were becoming expensive, shutting out the non-payers. (Hartz 35) The solution was to find or construct buildings that were suitable for the performance of plays. By the late 1500s, there were over a dozen theaters in the immediate London area. At this time, the most popular theater, "The Theatre" housed the most prestigious of plays. For years, this one individual theater acted as the center of the town, where the most famous plays were shown. But in 1597, the lease on the land on which The Theatre sat expired and the owner of the land would not renew the lease. (Encarta n/p) In the winter of 1598, while the original owner was away, the people of London decided to move the theater, board by board. They began to rebuild the theater in Southwark, London, near The Rose, The Swan, and The Hope theaters. After ten months of rebuilding, the theater was later renamed as The Globe in 1598. The Globe Theatre was rebuilt primarily for the fall of the previous theater. Upon completion of the newer, revised theater, The Globe actually turned out not to be the largest of it's time. The theater was three stories high, one-hundred feet in diameter, and could hold as many as 2,900 patrons if desired. (Encarta n/p) The Globe Theatre was constructed as a mixture between a Roman Amphitheater and an English Tudor House. The architecture of The Globe was very unique. There was no roof over the actual theater. There was however a thatched roof over the stage. The use of a roof over the stage was not only to protect the performers from the weather, but to improve acoustics as well. (Hornell 44) Two very elaborate, almost gaudy pillars held the roof over the stage, a style favored by the Elizabethans. The stage in itself was rectangular and extended into the middle of the auditorium. Various trapdoors were cut in the center of the stage, through which an actor might disappear or leap forth, as the action demanded. A balcony hung over the rear of the stage and a musicians' gallery was tucked behind the balcony. (Richman 1) Unseen, behind the stage, was the Tiring House. Here is where the actors dressed for the plays. Individual dressing rooms were not a feature of Elizabethan playhouses, so actors were to dress in whatever open space they could find. (Yowell 16) The Globe Theater was the home to one of the most honored writers of the time, William Shakespeare. Here, Shakespeare wrote, rehearsed, and performed his plays. Plays such as "Caesar" and "Romeo Juliet" were performed at The Globe, which helped build The Globe into a very popular and prestigious theater. (Richman 1) When the actual performance was taking place, a flag was raised to show that the play was ready to be performed. (Encarta n/p) Inside the

Business School Internships - Where to Find Business School Internships Online

Business School Internships - Where to Find Business School Internships Online Business school internships can be easy to find if you know where to look. There are tons of websites dedicated to helping students find an internship or summer job. Here are 25 of the best places to find business school internships online. AboutJobs.com - This site is a great place for students and recent grads to find business school internships, summer jobs and overseas jobs. CBcampus - This CareerBuilder site is designed specifically for students who need internships and part-time jobs. College Central - College Central is the nations largest network of college job seekers. CollegeGrad.com - This search engine limits your search to internships only. Using the advanced search option will help you narrow your results further. CollegeRecruiter.com - This search engine boasts thousands of internships for business school students and an equal number of entry-level jobs for new grads. CoolWorks - Although this site is know for hosting outdoor jobs and jobs in national parks, you can find a nice selection of interesting business internships. Craigslist - You can search Craigslist for anything, including internships. One word of warning: beware of scammers. Do not give your bank account information to anyone, and never tra nsfer money on someone elses behalf. Experience.com - Designed specifically for students and young professionals, Experience.com is one of the best places on the web to get career advice while you search for internships. Idealist.org - If youre looking for volunteer opportunities or internships that will help you make a difference, Idealist.org is the site to search. Indeed - Indeed is a great place to find internships and entry-level jobs. The site searches other job boards all over the web. InternAbroad.com - Use this site when you are searching for work abroad. InternJobs.com - This About.com site is a global database of internships for students and recent graduates. Internships.com - This site provides an internship search engine and excellent advice to help you launch your business career. Internships-USA - Internships-USA is the largest internship search engine on the web. More than 300 schools subscribe to this site. InternWeb.com - InternWeb is a good source for business internships, summer internships and entr y-level jobs. MonsterTRAK - This Monster site was created specifically for people who need entry-level jobs and internships. New postings are added each day. SimplyHired - This site is an award-winning meta search engine that searches other job sites so you dont have to. Snagajob.com - Snagajob.com is one of the best places on the web to search for jobs that pay by the hour. StudentJobs.gov - Designed specifically for students, this official government site is a good place to find business internships with the federal government. The Nonprofit Jobs Cooperative - This site is the result of a collaboration between nonprofit management centers from across the United States. If you are looking for an internship with a nonprofit, youll definitely want to check out The Nonprofit Jobs Cooperative. Vault - Vault is a great place to search for jobsbusiness school internships are no exception. University of Dreams - You can find guaranteed summer internships on the University of Dreams website. USA Jobs - The official job site of the United States federal government is a great place to find business internships. WorkTree - This meta search engine searches other sites for internship opportunities to help you save time.Yahoo! Hot Jobs - You can search this section of Yahoo! Hot Jobs to find high-paying business school internships.

Self awareness assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Self awareness assignment - Essay Example Oakes et a defined self-esteem as â€Å"emphasize efective self-regard . . . feeling of affection toward neself (779). Others define it as an overall judgment one makes about one’s worth as a person. But regardless how it is defined, self esteem includes affective and cognitive components. â€Å"High self esteem people feel good about themselves and think they have many positive qualities† (779). On the reverse, low self-esteem people hold ambivalent feelings toward themselves and are less certain that they have many certain positive qualities (Baumeister, Tice & Hutton, 1989 qtd in Oakes et al 779). To this, Anjala and Worthen added the specifics of body image and self image which comprises self-esteem (90) Inferring from these definitions in setting up a SMART Goal in developing my self esteem, I will initially target a 20% increase in positive self esteem, progressing to 40% in the second week, 60% in the third week and 80% increase in self-esteem the fourth week of assessing the development of my self-esteem. The SMART Goal is effective because it is grounded on reality and the parameters were conservative. It is not an overly optimistic goal that is difficult to achieve that would make one eventually abandon the plan. Rather, it is composed of step by step plan that only requires realistic efforts that could be done consistently. Inferring from the definition of Oakes et al and and Anjala, I will categorize the componenets of self esteem as internal and external. Internal are those whom Oakes said to feel good about myself and which is triggered by a positive stimuli that helps us cope positively with the challenges of life(Tariq 23). To achieve these goals I will engage in activities that are consistent with the internal and external components about self esteem. With regard to the internal factor of feeling good about myself, I will begin making more friends and spending more time with family

Impact of Latest Advances in Technology on the Recruitment and Essay

Impact of Latest Advances in Technology on the Recruitment and Selection Process - Essay Example In this regard, the aim of the current discourse is to review how the latest advances in technology have impacted on the recruitment and selection process. Likewise, the benefits and challenges of using new technological applications would be presented and expounded based on contemporary organizational experiences. Impact of Technological Advancement on Recruitment and Selection Process In a study conducted by Piotrowski and Armstrong (2006), the authors revealed that current recruitment and selection practices, based on the national survey of 1000 firms included in Fortune’s top organizations in the United States, included â€Å"personality testing on the Internet and the use of online testing for selection purposes† (Piotrowski and Armstrong, 2006, pp. 489-490). Organizations were thereby cautioned on their effective applicability due to lack of regulations imposed on online selection firms. Likewise, the authors cited the works of Barbian (2001) and Bates (2002) whos e studies contend that â€Å"most person job-fit tests have not been standardized, lack norms, and developers have not presented predictive validity data on their selection measures† (cited in Piotrowski and Armstrong, 2006, p. 490). Parry (2010) has cited that â€Å"70% of the organizations surveyed used the Internet or Intranet to deliver HR services to employees with most respondents planning to enhance substantially their e-HR capabilities over the two years† (p. 522). On the other hand, Capelli’s (2001) research indicated that a staggering 90% of U.S. organizations have already shifted to online recruiting due to the benefits in costs and efficiency accorded by this technological advancement (p. 140). There are options open to contemporary organizations regarding the use of technological applications to service HR functions. As Cappelli (2001) averred, organizations could use HR software programs that â€Å"automate the entire hiring process: they collect applications in a standardized format, screen them, determine where they came from (such as through job boards or classifiedads), monitor the progress of applications, and calculate how long it takes to fill various jobs or to get a new employee working productively† (p. 143). Concurrently, other organizations opt to outsource the hiring function through the use of external vendors, which would be discussed under challenges that these new technology presents. The website of Global Recruiting Roundtable (2011) indicated that â€Å"80.2% of companies are using Social Media to recruit and another 8.7% of companies are planning to begin this year (results of Jobvite survey, July 2011)† (Valkenburg 2011, par. 1). The percentage was a dramatic 18% increase from the 68% of the companies that used social media in 2009 to the 80.2% in 2011. The survey results from Jobvite revealed remarkable statistics that validate the effectiveness of using social networking sites such as Link edln, Facebook and Twitter; where Linkedln topped the survey at 95% of the respondents indicating that they have successfully hired through this social networking site (Jobvite, 2011, p. 8). Benefits of Using Technonological Advancement Parry

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Analysis

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Analysis I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiography written by Maya Angelou. She describes about her hard life caged growing up as a black girl from the South. Maya Angelou starts the novel about her life in the age of three with her four-year-old brother Bailey. They are turned over the care of their paternal grandmother in Stamps. She describes how the two children were sent away after they parents divorce, traveling by train across the Southwestern and cling to their tag To whom It May Concern, c/o Mrs Henderson. Both kids are looking this like rejection and loss of self-worth. Im being sent away because Im no lovable. Angelou generalizes the children situations as follows: Years later I discovered that the United States had been crossed thousands of times by frightened Black children traveling alone to their newly affluent parents in Northern cities, or black to grandmothers in Southern towns when the urban North reneged on its economic promises. (Caged Bird, 4). Smith states tha t Maya opens with a primal childhood scene that brings into focus the nature of the imprisoning environment from which the self will seek escape. The black girl child is trapped within the cage of her own diminished self-image around which interlock the bars of natural and social forces. (Interpretation, 6) Her grandmothers store is the center of life in the Negro community of the town, being the pick-up and drop-off point for cotton pickers in picking season. Her grandmother Henderson is presented not only as the main role in center of her family, but as the leader of the black community in Stamps, strong and religious. McMurry argues that from Mayas eyes the customers in her grandmothers store were trapped in cotton fields, no amount of hope and work to get them out. Her uncle Willie is caged must have been tired of being crippled, as prisoners tire of penitentiary bars and the guilty tire of blame. Her grandmother rises each morning with consciousness of a caged animal (Interpretation, 27). Maya and her brother Baily were very close during their childhood and most of their adolescence. Maya in her story writes, During these years in Stamps, I met and fell in love with William Shakespeare. He was my first white love (Caged Bird, 11). Maya writes that But it was Shakespeare who said, `When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes. It was a state with which I felt myself most familiar. I pacified myself about his whiteness by saying that after all he had been dead so long that it couldnt matter to anyone any more. She also enjoys the works of many prominent black authors, which her Momma, or grandmother, approves more of. Although young Maya likes Shakespeare, and is fine with the fact that he is white, her Momma wouldnt want to know that Maya enjoys a white mans work. Maya feels that she again is caged and cant express her thoughts and feeling about Shakespeare with grandmother. Angelou recalls how Momma used to make them bathe and wash constantly, even in cold water in wintertime. She used to insist on them being respectful and clean, which most people were, except for the powhitetrash children that came into the town. Those that came to the store were often very rude, but young Maya and her family are not allowed to say anything, because they are black. Angelou describes her Momma; she is tall, big, and strong, and leads in the hymns at church every Sunday. She is old-fashioned, though, as she teaches the children to behave as she was to behave as a child, and teaches them to act according to outdated racial codes of behavior. Carol Neubauer comments in Angelous relationship with her grandmother states that Momma becomes a sort of superwoman of enormous proportions with ten feet tall with eight-foot arms and comes to the helpless childs rescue. In this alternate vision, Angelou switches to fantasy to suggest the depth of the childs humiliation and the resi due of pain even after her two bad teeth have been pulled. Fantasy, finally, is used to demonstrate the undiminÂÂÂ ­ished strength of the character of Momma. The recession hit the community and the big difference between the white and black communities of Stamps is noted; white people have plenty of clothes and can afford to be charitable and spend too much, and still they have enough for themselves. In the black community, people can hardly afford to give anything away, so when they do, it is much appreciated. Even though Momma has land and money, even she doesnt spend money like the white people do, budgeting carefully and never wasting anything. Even Momma makes all of the clothes for herself and the children, and only buys Uncle Willie expensive, ready-made clothes and shoes. The depression hits Stamps, and leads to wages being cut and difficulty making ends meet. That also means that they cant afford to shop at the store, and Momma has to figure out how to keep the store running and still make money. She allows the townspeople to trade the relief food that they get for credit at the store, and is able to keep things going there. The entire black community of Stamps Smith argues, itself caged in the social reality of racial subordination and impotence (Modern Critics, 133) Christmas comes, and Maya and Bailey get presents from their parents, who they hadnt heard of since they were shipped off to Stamps. Maya and Baileys father comes to Stamps the next year, to see his children; neither of them were warned that he was coming, and it is hard for them to face their father in the flesh and give up the fantasies they had about their absent father. He is tall and handsome, and more proper and wealthy than the people in Stamps. Maya is happy that he is there, but then thinks that if people see her and her father together, their dissimilarity in looks will make people think she is not his daughter. When they finally do meet their mother, she is very beautiful and charming, and Maya and Bailey are no longer nervous or sad at being taken away from Stamps. Saint Louis is the important turning point in Mayas life. She received the mothers love and care that she missed all the years in Stamps. Maya doesnt have friends and only Bailey is the only one she can share h er secret. Maya writes Saint Louis was a foreign country. In my mind I only stayed in St. Louis a few weeks and I carried the same shield that I used in Stamps: I didnt come to stay. (Caged Bird, 58). In Saint Louis, mothers boyfriend, Mr. Friedman raped Maya at age of eight and she hospitalized. Maya describes that she looked at Mr. Freeman as a father figure. He was the only real man that was a part of her life. Being at a young age she thought that Mr. Freeman just loved and cared for her, just like any little girl would. But it went farther Mr. Freeman eventually forces her to have sex, and threatens her not to tell anybody. Ultimately, Maya was convinced that by her telling everyone about Mr. Freeman raping her, however condemning him and lying about the other times he molested her, she caused his death. Thinking that now every time she lies, someone will die, Maya decides to shield others by not speaking to anyone except Bailey. I had discovered that to achieve perfect personal silence al l I had to do was to attach myself leechlike to sound. I began to listen to everything. I probably hoped that after I heard all the sounds the world would be quiet around me (Caged Bird , 87). The lack of sound in Mayas life due to the rape and lies she said under oath had become the most important thing to her. Her life now became the sound of everyone else, burying the sound she believes can kill; her own voice. Mayas writing is simple and she is very honest. Bertolino states that Angelous description of her molestation and rape is probably the most valuable part of her remarkable book. Angelou tells the story honestly, without sensationalism, yet with enough palpable detail and enough insight so we, the readers, might to understand. (Blooms Note, 56) After these difficulties, Maya and her brother went at Stamps. Smith argues that Mayas psychological and emotional devastation find a mirror in Stamps social devastation. Stamps gives her back the familiarity and security of well-known cage. She climbs back in happily, losing herself in her silent world, surrendering herself to her own worthlessness. (Modern Critical Views, 9). Mrs Bertha Flowers played an important role in her life. Mrs. Flowers allowed Maya to come out of her depression and learned about many different things. Mrs. Flower helped Maya to come out of depression, she says to her Now no one is going to make you talk-possibly no one can. But bear in mind, language is a mans way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animal (Caged Bird, #). Mrs. Flowers, also introduces Maya to reading books, she learns that she must be biased of ignorance, but understanding of the illiteracy, and also Mrs. Flowers offered her to cookies and tea. Smith argues Mrs Flower opens the door to the caged birds silence with the key of acceptance. For the first time Maya is accepted as an individual rather than as a relation to someone else: I was liked, and what a difference it made. I was respected not as Mrs. Andersons grandchild or Baileys sister but just being Marguerite Johnson (Caged bird, 98). Such unqualified acceptance allows her to experience the incipient power of her own self-worth. (Modern Critical Views, 9). Angelou describes again the inequality between whites and blacks and looked them in cage. Equal education opportunities are also lacking, and the intellectual capacities of blacks are assumed severely limited; the schools provide an academic curriculum for whites and an athletic one for blacks. The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileo and Edisonand the (black) boys (the girls werent even in on it) would try to be Jesse Owenses and Joe Louises, writes Angelou (Caged Bird, 151). Using both irony and straightforward description, Angelou confronts racism and gender bias, and tries to sensitize readers to these issues. Her voice come stronger and emotional It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. (Caged Bird, 153) At the graduation ceremony, during which the exciting expectation of the young graduates and their families and friends are exploded casually by the words of an oblivious and insensitive white speaker, the young girl comes to know already the desperation of impotence (Modern Critical, 10): It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to it quietly and listens to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of the other. (Caged bird, 153) Angelou using her memories to show how hard was the life of black society she was caged in black community. During a Gradation Party Maya gets a toothache and goes to see a white doctor. The doctor refuses to put his hands in a black girls mouth saying: My policy is Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than in a niggers (Caged Bird, 160). .. Maya continues her story in 1941 where her mother, Vivian marries Clidell and they move to San Francisco. Maya and Baily again went to live with Vivian Baxter. Maya attended to George Washington High School and the age fourteen received scholarship to attend to California Labor School, where she took evening classes in a drama and dance. In 1943 when Maya was 15 years old she spent a summer with her father at a trailer park in Los Angeles. Maya accompanies her father to a small Mexican town where he proceeds to get obviously drunk, leaving her with responsibility of getting them back to Los Angeles. For the first time, Maya finds herself totally in control for her fate. She never had driven a car but her courage she did. And although the drive culminates in accidents, she triumphs. Unable to get along with her father and his live-in girlfriend she ran away and lived for 6 weeks in junkyard that was the residence of a community of homeless children. Angelou was impressed by this nonjudgmental and self-sufficient group of young transients and she felt that her experience with them served as a kind of initiation into the human race. Recalling this group in Caged Bird Angelou wrote: After hunting down unbroken bottles and selling them with a white girl from Missouri, a Mexican girl from Los Angeles, and a Black girl from Oklahoma, I was never again to sense myself so solidly outside the pale of the human race. The lack of criticism evidenced by our ad hoc community influenced me, and set a tone of tolerance for my life (215). This moment succeeded by a month spend wrecked car provide her with knowledge of self-determination and a confirmation of her self-worth. With this affirmative knowledge and power, while is she was in high school she decide to work and applied for a position as a conductor in streetcars. Stamps acquiescence and cage is left far behind in Arkansas Maya assumes control over her own social destiny and engaged in the struggle with lifes forces. Braxton argues that another positive identity experience occurs in the world of work Marguerite is determine to become a conductor on the San Francisco streetcars, even though no black have been hired previously. She visits the Market Street Railway Office with the frequency of a person on salary until she is hired, breaking the color barrier previously imposed against blacks and achieving a degree of independence (Modern Critical, 228. ) In her story, Maya concludes, The black female is assaulted in her tender year by those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of masculine prejudice, white illogical hate and Black lack of power. (Caged Bird, 231) She has broken out the rusted bars of her social cage. (page 11) Maya become increasingly concerned about her body, which to her seemed unfeminine and underdeveloped. Though her mother tried to informed her otherwise, Angelou feared that she was physically abnormal and began to wonder if she could be lesbian. Wanting to assure herself of her sexual identity, Angelou invited a male classmate to have sex with her one time. The incident resulted in a pregnancy and have a baby boy. It is the born of the baby the main turn point in Mayas life and her triumph. Smith states Maya Angelous autobiography comes to a sense of an ending: the black American girl child has succeed in freeing herself from the natural and social bars imprisoning her in the cage of her diminished self-image by assuming control of her life and fully acceptation her black womanhood. (Modern critic, 12)

Value Management And Value Engineering Study Report

This Value Management and Value Engineering (VM/VE) Study Report summarizes the benefits of various proposals for a strategic level Value Management process followed by Value Engineering Study in order to obtain a better Value for Money (VFM) for any projects. This report is prepared specially for our Client M/s. SBEinnovations Ltd for the construction of the Mixed-Use Recreation and Commercial Centre Project. Value Management and Value Engineering is a technique on any projects that can be delivered in the most economical way. Normally, Value Management processes are carried out before Value Engineering Study to determine how it can add value to the Client business by a delivery of a project which is carried out during the initial Client brief of a project. It is an integral part of any projects. Whereas Value Engineering is a technical study on a selected design for its technical viability and cost studies which is carried out during detailed design stage. United Project Management (UPM) believes that VM and VE have the greatest influence and impact at the strategy and design stage respectively. It requires reliable and appropriate cost data, design information, ideas, past experience and uses brain-storming workshops by our team of experts under the direction of the Project Manager. Value Management is a continuous process from inception to completion. The purpose of conducting the Value Management workshop is to set up an effective partnership agreement which should seek to achieve the scope and benefits of the project with respect of time, cost and quality. The benefits of Value Management contribute towards this project especially since the project is still in its early stages. Some of the concepts through which SBEinnovations Ltd can obtain value for money (VFM) are mentioned below; 1. Reduced Learning Curve 2. Improved communications and decision procedures 3. Improved quality and programming This report also includes a recommendation on Value Engineering Study conducted before the completed design stage and construction activities. Issues targeted during VE study include: 1. Design Optimization 2. Selection of Procurement Route 3. Cost, Quality and Time 4. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study 5. Stakeholders Coordination 1. Introduction This report explains how Value Management and Value Engineering studies can contribute value to the Client before commencement of a project. The report summarises the key principles of Value Management and Value Engineering in the context of construction project of mixed-use recreation and commercial centre for SBEInnovations Ltd. This report is prepared for SBEinnovations Ltd on their request for proposals for a strategic level Value Management and Value Engineering studies. The aim of Value Management Study is to assess the project requirement in terms of functionally and efficiency of achieving the requirements. Prime consideration needs to be given to the importance of Time, Cost, Quality, Safety and Client's satisfaction. The specific issues to be evaluated at the VM Study are divided into two categories. 1. Strategic Issues (which will be considered in Value Management) 2. Tactical Issues (which will be considered in Value Engineering) 3.1 Strategic Issues 1. The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Project Drivers 2. Project Type 3. Size and Location 4. Procurement 5. Initial Cost Estimate 6. Esteem 7. Politics 8. Organisational Management 9. Change Management 3.2 Tactical Issues The following are considered as project strategic issues: 1. Design 2. Structure of the Project Organisation 3. Detail of accessibility and planning procedure 4. Time and Quality: 5. Outline Specification 6. Coordination 2. Value Management Study This is the first process where carefully selected team members from various parties get together to discuss various aims, objectives, constraints and risk associated with the Project in order to formulate Client objective of the need of such project. Value management usually incorporates a series of workshops, interviews and reviews involving diversified teams members through whom the project requirements are evaluated against the means and methods of achieving them. VM process will be dependent on the procurement route selected for the project. VM and VE Studies are very important for successful delivery of any project. Failure to carry out these studies will cause problems at subsequent design and construction stages causing cost overruns, project delays, claims etc. Value Management can help to avoid or minimize these problems. At the outset of a project, Value Management provides an exceptionally powerful way of exploring the client’s needs in-depth by addressing inconsistencies and expressing these in a language that all parties, whether technically informed or new to the construction industry, can understand. The Value Management process works top-down, starting with needs and strategic goals and focusing on root causes, not symptoms. An early consensus is developed between the key stakeholders about the need for the project or service, the scope, deliverables, key functions and risks, in the context of the wider business objectives. Opportunities for innovation are explored and the most cost effective means of implementation developed, consistent with desired time and quality requirements. VM considers the whole project rather than components and the process are underpinned by consensus. A typical Value Management Study has the following characteristics: 1. A systematic, staged approach 2. Clear definition of objectives and scope at the outset – focus on the customer requirements 3. Consideration of the organizational environment – internal and external influences 4. Multi-disciplinary team effort – positive human dynamics 5. Function Analysis System Technique 6. A workshop format with a structured job plan that separates creativity from evaluation and development. 7. Effective use of methods and tools – independent facilitation 2.1 Early Application of Value Management and its benefits The design is still at the very early stage. The Client has not yet committed with any design teams for project design. The client aims to innovate with creativity and to enhance the health, wellbeing and quality of life of its citizens. It is very important to get a feedback of its citizens of the Client intentions for such a project, because the clients’ and the citizens’ aim and objectives are totally different and conflicting ones. Therefore it is recommended that Value Management study at such early stage is carried out involving the all parties who have interest on the projects so that later in the projects the problems and risk will be minimized to a greater extent. As such the following benefits can be expected by applying Value Management to this specific project. 1. It defines what both the client and the citizens of the local area mean by value, and provide the basis for making decisions, throughout the project, on the basis of value. It provides a means for optimising the balance between private developer and public sector local authority having different aims and objectives out of the project. 1. It provides the basis for clear briefs that reflect the client’s priorities and expectations, expressed in a language that all can understand. This improves communication between both stakeholders so that each of them can understand and respect other’s constraints and requirements. 1. It ensures that the project is the most cost-effective way of delivering the business benefits and provides a basis for refining the business case. It addresses both the monetary and the non-monetary benefits. 1. It supports good design through improved communications, mutual learning and enhanced team-working, leading to better technical solutions with enhanced performance and quality, where it matters. 1. It provides a way of measuring value, taking into account nonmonetary benefits and demonstrating that value for money has been achieved. Project Objectives: In a construction project objectives shall be clearly defined. In clearly defining the project objectives value management plays a vital role and it is the starting point of value management in a project. Client Function, Activities and Stakeholders: Value management plays crucial role in ascertaining the client functions, requirements, stakeholder needs, briefing, gathering information pertaining to the project. Project Size and Location: In deciding the project size and location both value management and value engineering will be applied as value management will focus on the location, political situation, environment and others will focus, whereas value engineering will focus on the type of foundation to be used is suitable for the soil conditions, floor area index on the area and other design issues. Budget: It is a crucial in a construction project and the main purpose of the value management is to gain the maximum value for the money and for that budget is important and also careful budgeting is crucial for the success of the project, here value management will be applied. Procurement Option: In deciding the contract for the project the best procurement option is to be chosen, it depends on the scope of the project, requirements, budget and other external factors. To choose the best procurement option value management and value engineering both plays a vita role. Design and built option value management plays a vital role, value engineer plays a vital role in other types of procurement options as designs are being verified in this option. Design Change and Variation: happens during the course of the project, value engineering plays a lead role. In the design changes and variations as the changes will have an impact on the original design to be checked? The proposed changes can be accommodated or not also to be checked, also the cost impact, constructability and other design related parameters to be verified. Organization Structure: Many discrepancies arise due to unorganized organization structure, due to that construction and project gets delayed. Value management is employed, during the initial stages itself giving the requirements for organization and key personnel and appropriate accounting provision will be given in the costing. All the above will be applied in value management. Quality Control, Health, Safety and Environmental Issues: are crucial in project success, here both value management and engineering will be applied as quality cannot be compromised and design team will clearly indicate the minimum quality requirements and also HSE issues cannot be compromised it is a combination of both the above. The following graph illustrates the potential cost savings possible against time when VM is applied in a project. It is clear the when VM is applied at the early stage of a project, the saving will be far less to adopt the changes proposed by the Value Management since the design is yet not commenced and hence it is easy to incorporate any kind of design change proposal due to VM process. Fig 1: Cost Impact of Making Changes Over Time 2.2 Development of Value Management within project scenario: UPM suggests the budget should be equally divided among the different elements of the project. Some suggestions provided by UPM are: 1. Sports Centre Proper design management should be applied for the construction of Seating/Scoring or/and Spectator Seating arrangements. 2. Culture recreational centre Public community should be comfortable with different recreational centres. Their satisfaction is the primary goal to be achieved. 3. Hotels Lighting is a large cost item. The impact it has on energy and guest experience influence to a great extent the operation and spacing cost. 4. Shopping malls Primary objective here is to obtain maximum customer satisfaction keeping returns in mind. Quality should be maintained throughout the lifecycle of the project. 5. Parking space The financial cost for parking space depends on three factors: Total number of parking space required, ‘opportunity cost’ of parking land and cost per parking land available. Careful planning and brainstorming helps to obtain maximum value for land. 6. Food court Proper economical and environmental friendly techniques could be arranged for waste disposal. 7. Cinema Multiplex Natural Ventilation could be installed thereby reducing the cost and power consumption. Value Management Team Selection and Value Management Workshop VM is undertaken as a series stakeholder workshops held at key stages during the development of the project. Value Management Team forms an important aspect in decision making process. It is a flexible, team-based activity, planned and directed by an independent VM facilitator and driven by consensus. Team selection for the Value Management workshop is very critical to success to ensure that the full range of influences are properly addressed by people with the right balance of knowledge, skills, experience and judgment. Where particular stakeholders are not able to take part, or it is not politic to involve them, specific team members should be tasked as champions of those stakeholder interests. As such, the team should include the following participants: 1. Project Sponsor The Project Sponsor is responsible for endorsement of the study objectives. They are responsible for monitoring outcomes, action plans, client’s vision, timeframe, values and constraints. 2. Value Management Coordinator Usually, a client representative may designate this post. Before the workshop is developed, a number of activities need to be decided upon: 1. Developing brief for Facilitator 2. Identifying the Scope of Work 3. Engaging the Facilitator 4. Organizing the schedule for the workshop 5. Date and Venue confirmation 6. Arrangement of objectives of study 7. Selection and invitation of participants 8. Preparation of agenda These roles and the corresponding tasks may vary depending on nature of Value Management topic, the organizations involved and the scale to which Value Management activities undertaken by the parties. 3. Value Management Facilitator He initiates their evaluation at the beginning of the pre-workshop process, helping the client towards clearly defining the aim, assumptions and viewpoints of each stakeholder. The facilitator should specialise in assisting the process by providing support and advice to the sponsor. During Pre-workshop stage, the facilitator focus should be more towards process than content. The facilitator manages time, determines appropriate progress, manages the group, promotes collaboration within the group, and seeks agreement or a method of understanding between teammates at key stages. However, the facilitator should maintain client confidentiality and ensure every member contributes equally to the achievement of value. 4. Project Manager The Project Manager should be included within the workshop because he/she acts as a reference and as a team catalyst for continued action. 5. Stakeholders They should be included in the team as they give a clear cut idea about the objectives, needs and constraints. 6. Technical Experts SBEinnovations Ltd. members who have specialist skills in a particular area are to attend the workshop. Their responsibilities include providing advice and suggestions in the specialist area for which they are invited. 7. Relevant compliance agency Value Management briefing papers should be forwarded to relevant compliance agencies so that they can be affirmed that the steps followed are as per ‘Practice Guidance’. Though, it is not compulsory that their presence should be essential at the workshop. Value Management Workshop and Agenda Following are the three components of a VM Workshop: 1. Job Plan 2. Functions and Functionality 3. Multi-Disciplinary Team The VM Job plan of the workshop will have the following 5 phases 1. Information Phase 2. Creativity Phase 3. Evaluation Phase 4. Development Phase 5. Presentation and Reporting Phase All of the above phases will be covered in 3 weeks workshop as described below. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VM STUDY There are number of tools and techniques which can be used in VM study. However, the following are recommended by UPM. 1. Function Analysis System Technique (FAST) Diagram: It is a graphical representation of logical relationship of functions that need to be performed and how they are linked together into HOW-WHY logical connections to deliver the project. HOW and WHY questions are asked to develop the logic of a function. While defining any function, we ask HOW that particular function can contribute towards developing a more standardized and specific approach. This method of questioning and thinking is referred and summarized from left to right. To solve the problem to a higher level, we ask WHY that particular function is performed. This process of logic is read from right to left. 1. Risk Analysis Risk analysis is a financial tool used to identify risks that can potentially affect the project. The analysis looks at the costs involved, time constraints and other variables that may negatively affect the outcome. As a tool, risk analysis helps managers make decisions and find alternatives. 1. SWOT Analysis SWOT is an acronym that stands for â€Å"strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats,† which is precisely what the SWOT analysis aims to identify. The SWOT helps management see the company's strengths and weaknesses on paper as well as the potential opportunities and threats looming in the industry. Management can then find ways to maximize the company's strengths in order to capitalize on opportunities while minimizing potential threats and weaknesses. 6. VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY Value Engineering is a subset of Value Management. Once the Client is decided on the project, then before the detailed design will commence, the Value Engineering study will be carried out. 6.1 Recommended timing for VALUE ENGINEERING study: In order to expect the greatest return from this project, SBEinnovations Ltd. is suggested to include value engineering exercise during the early design stage and before 60% of the design commitment is reached. Value Engineering workshop should be carried out during the schematic design stage and the detailed design stage. If the Value Engineering occurs later it probably will be seen as a cost cutting exercise but it will be undertaken under a hostile climate that will prevent SBEinnovations from achieving the desired requirements and objectives of  £9M. 6.2 Recommended VE Team The number of participants should be a minimum of five and a maximum of ten. Although more members could participate, we recommend that a larger group may cause difficulties in one-to-one communication. Participants should involve: 1. Project Managers from SBEinnovations Ltd.: These Project Managers help to define the procurement routes and contract administration in the most effective way by putting to use their skills earned by experience. 2. Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Structural Engineers: While conducting brainstorm sections, Comments and views from Engineers, Architects and Quantity Surveyors are valid for active participation. 3. Value Engineering Facilitator: The facilitator should be someone apart from the project manager, the chief design engineer, or the client. The VE facilitator will guide the discussion to confirm and approve, but not to criticize the project approaches and details. 6.3 Value Engineering Workshops VE workshops are concerned with the detailed technical appraisal of alternative solutions proposed by the project team to meet the client’s requirements. Duration for VE workshop will be normally longer than that of VM Workshop. One of the following approaches could be used by SBEinnovations Ltd towards achieving a successful Workshop session: 1. Mini Workshops: A value engineer should join the design team at the briefing stage and be promoted as the facilitator throughout the project. Two mini-workshops should be organized following the job plan format and then reviewed at about 20% and 40% design completion. 2. The two-day workshop: All members of the team focus on issues in an intense and focused way. 6.4 Elements of the Scheme for VE study: Design Optimization As long as the bid documents and the process to detail design are open enough to allow for adjustment of the design, then a buildable design will rise. Design ideas for mixed use commercial and recreational centre should be developed during Value Engineering workshops keeping in mind the constructability and purpose for which it serves. This should include health, safety and security of the local community. Procurement Route The suitable Procurement route should be studied identified and applied by SBEinnovations Ltd. taking into consideration the pros and cons of that particular procurement route and its benefits to the client and the employer. Quality, Time and Cost Maximum return can only be achieved through proper quality, time and cost management. Value Engineering study team should be keen to attain maximum Value for Money (VFM) by proper planning and scheduling of works to ensure cost lies within  £ 9M within the stipulated time frame. Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS) Study OBS review would be done during the VE workshop which helps to identify roles and responsibilities. Stakeholders Coordination Coordination should be justified during VE studies so as to dissolve any interference between Stakeholders. Part 2 – Risk Management Essay Risk Management in Infrastructure Projects Introduction All large projects face risks. Project risk is an activity, event or action which tends to cause a negative impact on the planned goals of project scope, quality, performance, execution time or cost. Inevitably, risks and uncertainties are substantially inherent in infrastructure projects. Problematically, many infrastructure projects could not have achieved project goals satisfactorily. Therefore, it is very important for the identification and treatment of these project risks. Project risks always contribute to the poor performance leading to cost and time over run. Their major reason is the occurrence of external and internal project risks and uncertainties throughout project stages from planning, bidding, contracting to construction. This essay intends to provide a useful insight into the inherent risk into infrastructure projects, and will discuss about the management of these risks. The essay will also enable the reader to understand and application of the key concepts and techniques used in management of risk in infrastructure projects. For the purpose of this essay, Railway Projects in the MENA region is considered. History has shown that railways have always been central to any country’s growth ambitions. Thus it comes as no surprise that the GCC countries have embraced railway networks as their best hope for expanding and consolidating future economic growth. By providing a low cost alternative to shipping and air, the GCC member states allow for increased trade and thus further economic prosperity. As a result of this increased focus, it’s no surprise to find that railway networks account for nine of the ten biggest infrastructure projects in the Middle East. With ambitious plans to produce a GCC wide network within the next decade, the countries are working to develop their own interior networks in preparation. The following Table shows a list of top 10 infrastructure projects (ongoing and planned) in the MENA area.