Government Budget chapter 1 Essay

Budgeting is the cornerstone of the management control process in nearly all organizations including government agencies. Practitioners express concerns about using budgets for planning and performance evaluation. The practitioners argue that budgets impede the allocation of organizational resources to their best uses and encourage myopic decision making and other dysfunctional budget games. They attribute these problems, in part, to traditional budgeting’s financial, top-down, command and control orientation as embedded in annual budget planning and performance evaluation processes (as cited in Hansen, Van der Stede & Otley, 2008 pp. 95) A government budget is the financial plan of a government for a given period, usually for a fiscal year. The budget is the government’s key instrument in promoting its socio-economic objectives. The use of government funds is based on Article VI, section 29 of the 1987 constitution that â€Å"No money shall be paid by the Treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation made by law.† (Domingo, Liz, & Ruado, 2013) Funds are used by the government for public interest in which it has the sovereignty, but in general, budgets can differ from the actual expenditures. These differences should be justified and presented to the Congress and Senate for the approval of the next annual budget. Background of the Study The Philippines’ Department of Energy (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Enerhiya), abbreviated as DOE is the executive department of the Philippine Government responsible for preparing, integrating, coordinating, supervising and controlling all plans, programs, projects and activities of the Government relative to energy exploration, development, utilization, distribution and conservation. It was created by President Marcos as he issued Presidential Decree No. 1206 which created the Ministry of Energy and attached the National Power Corporation and Philippine National Oil Company to this new agency. The Ministry was abolished during the Regime of Corazon Aquino. During the Regime of President Fidel V. Ramos, that Department was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 7638 otherwise known as the Department of Energy Act of 1992. The Department was vested additional powers and functions under pertinent energy and power related legislations, such as Republic Act No. 9136 or the â€Å"Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001†, Republic Act No. 9367 or â€Å"Biofuels Act of 2006†, and Republic Act No. 9513 or â€Å"Renewable Energy Act of 2008.† In this study, the interviewees are the officers in the budgeting and accounting department. They are given the chance to evaluate themselves whether they have formulate their budgets in compliance with the guidelines included in the Budget Call that DBM issues every year. These guidelines are essential for the formulation of the budget of every government agency because it sets the ceiling that each of them may expend and contains required documents they need to submit. Each government agency receives Budget Call that is similar with the other government agency and this Budget Call is what each of the government agency considers as their bible since all that is written in the Budget Call must be complied; otherwise, they will be subject for further questioning which may have a positive or a negative result. They can also evaluate the controls adopted so as to determine if the present controls are sufficient to guarantee an effective implementation of the approved budget and to assure that the actual expenditures are not exceeding the allotted amounts for that type of expense. Furthermore, the researchers would be able to determine how the government agencies make sure that their budgets will be sufficient, to see how government units justify their budgeted expenditures if those expenditures were above the ceiling that is set by the Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC), and to familiarize themselves with the Budget Process that a government agency undertakes. Theoretical Framework The budgeting process is an essential component of management control systems and has been an effective system by which management can successfully plan, coordinate, and control. The process involves the creation and implementation of the broad objectives of an organization, the detailed objectives, and a short-term and long-term financial plan. There exist a variety of techniques for establishing budgets. Some of the most common techniques include, Incremental budgeting, Program budgeting, Zero-Based budgeting, and Site-Based budgeting. But this study focuses more on the Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB approach) because the time on which the researchers conducted the study was under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III who vowed to shift from the old â€Å"incremental† system of budgeting to the ZBB approach on his first State of the Nation Address (SONA) in July 2010. The philosophies and procedures used to implement zero-based budgeting in industry and government settings are quite similar, but somewhat different with the mechanics to fit the specific needs of each organization. The basic process of zero-based budgeting is to justify budget requests in every budgeting cycle, regardless of prior period budgets. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Zero-Based-Budgeting.html#b. Retrieved August 4, 2013) ZBB approach is a technique that sets all budgets to nil at the beginning of the year or period and requires from the departments that they justify all of their expenditures, not just those exceeding the budget. Money is allocated to the departments based on merit and not based on the previous year budget plus or minus some percentage such as in many traditional budgeting systems. It is also a technique of planning and decision-making which reverses the working process of traditional budgeting. In traditional incremental budgeting, departmental managers justify only increases over the previous year budget and what has been already spent is automatically sanctioned. No reference is made to the previous level of expenditure. By contrast, in ZBB, every department function is reviewed comprehensively and all expenditures must be approved, rather than only increases. It requires the budget request be justified in complete detail by each division manager starting from the zero-base. The zero- base is indifferent to whether the total budget is increasing or decreasing. It also refers to the identification of a task or tasks and then funding resources to complete the task independent of current resourcing. An important element of this budgeting procedure is that it forces prioritization of government programs and activities. With the prospect of insufficient revenue for matching the demand of spending, it is useful for the government to have a ranking of programs and activities based on proven effectiveness as well as suggested alternatives to expensive or ineffective programs. There are two steps in the process of zero based budgeting. The first step is to develop what is called as â€Å"decision packages† which includes an analysis of cost, purpose, alternative courses of action, measures of performance, consequences of not performing the activity, and the benefits. The second is to rank the decision packages. The decision package is a document that identifies and explains the specific and goals and objectives, measurement of performance, costs, benefits and alternative courses of action. Ranking of decision packages is then accomplished at each management level until a comprehensive agency wide ranking is obtained. Conceptually, zero-based budgeting is a systemic logical approach to allocating resources where they will do the most good. ZBB is often encouraged by fiscal watchdog groups as a way to ensure against unnecessary spending. It is used, or some modified version of it, in the private- and public sectors for decades. Peter Phyrr used ZBB successfully at Texas Instruments in the 1960s and authored an influential 1970 article in Harvard Business Review but only in 1977 the concept of ZBB gained notoriety because President Jimmy Carter announced to implement a ZBB system at a federal level thus spread more rapidly. The impact of budgeting on organizations was probably first studied by Argyris in the 1950s. These studies show some of the behavioral effects resulting from the way budgets are used in organizations. The results of his research showed that the particular process used could cause dysfunctional behavior in subordinates, regardless of the degree of technical refinement of the budgetary system. In the 1970s, Hopwood’s studies inquired into the effects of budgets on human behavior. These studies showed that the use by a superior of a budget-constrained style of evaluation gave rise to significant levels of job-related tension; had adverse effects on peer and subordinate-superior relationships, and was implicated in manipulative behavior on subordinates. A long line of studies have been performed since then to uncover an array of variables that govern the effects of reliance on budgets on behavioral outcomes, including managerial performance. Examples of these variables include budgetary participation, task uncertainty, environmental uncertainty, strategy, and culture. It may require an extensive amount of time, money, and paper work; but it does provide a systematic method of addressing an organization’s financial concerns, in turn enabling an organization to better allocate its resources. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Zero-Based-Budgeting.html#b. Retrieved August 4, 2013) The aforementioned theory have supported the study for better understanding of the budgeting process and the people’s state of mind involved in describing the overall cycle of the budget process of DOE as well as the valuation of controls applied. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework discussed the flow of the study to be taken. The study used the systems approach. The system of three (3) frames is composed of input whish went through the process and emerged as the output. The input contains the leading variables regarding the budget of the DOE. It includes the phases of the budget process. It discusses in detail the activities conducted in the first phase of the process which is the budget preparation. Next is about the activities conducted in the second phase which is the budget legislation. Then, discussions about the budget implementation phase. And the last phase of the budget process which is the budget accountability. As inputs, problems encountered by the agency and also the possible solutions they adopt are included. The second frame contains methods and procedures used to describe those variables by making observations, research and conducting an interview and statistical analysis The third frame is the output. It contains recommendations in conducting trainings and seminars of the employees about controlling their funds. Recommendations in monitoring the controls are also addressed. Statement of Problem This research is aimed to describe the budget formulation and implementation of the Department of Energy (DOE). Moreover, the budget made by the DOE is also compared to the actual operations of the department to know whether the budget is being conformed to and if such differences are being justified well. Specifically, the study endeavored to answer the following: 1.0 What are phases of the budgeting process in DOE? 2.0 What are the activities conducted in the budget preparation phase of the budgeting process in regard with the following: 2.1 The determination and valuation of the items in the budget proposals; 2.2 Identifying the functions of some government agencies in the budget cycle; 2.3 Identifying the expenditure priorities of the agency; and, 2.4 Identifying the external parties involved in the budget proposals and deliberation? 3.0 What are the activities conducted in the budget legislation phase of the budgeting process regarding the following: 3.1 Budget Deliberation/Review; and, 3.2 As to the importance in conducting deliberation/review in different offices of the national government? 4.0 What are the activities conducted in the budget implementation phase of the budget process regarding the following: 4.1 Guidelines on implementation of the budget; 4.2 Controls the agency uses to monitor the implementation of the approved budget; 4.3 The treatment on the variance between the budgeted amounts and the actual results; and, 5.0 What are the activities conducted in the budget accountability phase of the budget process? 6.0 What are the problems encountered by the agency and the possible solutions they adopt? Scope and Limitations This study will look into the budget formulation and implementation of the Department of Energy based on the rules and regulation issued by the National Government to all government units. This was done to have an understanding on the actual budgeting process of a government unit. The respondents of the study were the OIC financial services director- Araceli Soluta, chief of the budget division- Elisa Morales and the OIC – Chief Accountant – Arturo M. Cudia. The interview was administered in July 24, 2013. The interview questions were made by the researchers based on what they need to know. Significance of the Study This study was anticipated to contribute additional information to serve the following individuals and organizations. Department of Energy. The Department of Energy (DOE) will benefit from this study as they will be able to evaluate the controls adopted by the DOE in valuing the items in the budget proposal and in monitoring the items approved by the Department of Budget and Management (DBM). Thus, the controls can be improved as needed. This can also serve as evidence that the DOE is complying with the guidelines set by the DBM. Department of Budget and Management. This study can help the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) in assuring that the DOE was able to comply with the guidelines set by them. They can also evaluate the controls that they implement and improve it so as to guarantee the compliance of each government agency in every step of the process. Students. This study will contribute to students to gain basic knowledge about the budgeting process of government agency. This is applicable to students required to gain an understanding on how the budget process took place and the justifications required in each line item in the government agency’s budget proposal. Although not all students need to know this study, it will be beneficial for them to have an idea about it. General Public. This study can give the general public some basic information that can be easily understood for them to have an idea on how the government funds are allocated and what projects are being prioritized by the President. They are not forced to learn this issue but understanding this would be useful for them. Taxpayers. This study will be advantageous for the taxpayers because it discusses the budgeting process that a government agency undertakes. The taxpayers will be assured that the government funds, which mostly came from the taxes paid by the public, are used for the projects or programs that could help the residents of this country and the country itself. Other Researchers. This study will be an effective tool and reference for the subsequent researchers who would want to conduct further study about the budgeting process undertaken by each of the government agency and the justifications required on each item included in their budget. Definition of Terms For better understanding and interpretation of this study, the following terms are operationally defined. Allocation. This refers to the allotment or assignment of funds to be used by the government agencies to different projects and programs and to the operation of the agency itself in accordance with the rules promulgated by the Department of Budget and Management (DBM). Budget. This is the allocated funds for the implementation of various government programs or projects and for the operation of the government agency that is set by the agency for approval by the DBM. Budget Call. This is issued by the DBM that defines the budget framework, sets the economic and fiscal targets, subscribe the priority thrusts and budget level and spells out the guidelines and procedures and timetable for budget preparation. Budget Ceiling. The Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC) sets a budget ceiling for expenditures that the government agencies may obligate themselves which gives an allowance of about 10% from previous budget. Funds allocated in a project or program in excess of the budget ceiling must be justified. Budget Authorization. This involves reviews/deliberations and a separate deliberations conducted by the Congress and the Senate. Once approved, the President signs the bill into law. Budget Deliberation/Review. It is a process were the Congress or the Senate or both question the budget proposals of the government agency before submitting it to the President. Budget Formulation. This is the first step in the budget process in which the government agency prepares its budget proposals that will be submitted to the DBM who holds hearings for the agencies to justify their budget proposal. Budget Implementation. This is the phase where the approved budget is being executed. The DBM will issue and release allotment and notice of cash allocation to government agencies. Budget Monitoring. This is the last phase that involves evaluation of the financial reports and performances by management. The Commission on Audit (COA) will also evaluate the agencies financial reports and performances through audit. Budget Process. It is the systematic, repetitive procedures that every government agency must follow. Budget Proposal. It is the budget being prepared by DOE which subject to review and justification. Compliance. It is making decisions in accordance with the rules and guidelines

Essay on Children Who Have a Dream - 900 Words

In 2001 the Dream Act bill was introduced to congress. Over the past ten years there has been a major conflict between Democrats, who are for passing of the bill, and Republicans, who are against passing this bill. This has lead to it always being defeated because it has not been able to receive the two-thirds majority vote that it needs to be passed. The most recent failed vote of this bill was December of 2010. The DREAM Act is also known as the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors. There are over eleven million undocumented immigrants living and working illegally in the United States. The Dream Act offers the 65,000 illegal immigrants who graduate from a U.S. high school a chance to become a legal†¦show more content†¦He got called to the principal’s office and found out that the Nintendo DS was stolen. He was arrested on the spot; he did community service till the charges were dropped. A main issue was that Rangle was in this country illega lly and this caught the interest of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. He reported to a meeting with ICE on July 7, 2020 with Griffin and his attorney, who was working for free to raise awareness of this issue. When they arrived they were told to come back in September. They were never told they had a court date on July 11, but Rangle was arrested for not appearing. He spent thirty days in jail after the attorney â€Å"filed an emergency motion to have Rangle’s case heard.† He did not want to have the status of being deported out of the United States, so that one day he would be able to enter the country legally. He bought himself a plane ticket to fly back to Mexico before his nineteenth birthday and showed proof at his January court date. Bernabe Rangle brought so much attention to this situation so that everyone would be aware of what could happen. David Gregory interviews General Colin Powel about the Dream Act. General Powell explained that the Dream Act was a way to keep young immigrants who were brought over by their families in to the United States. He addressed the issue of education, which is the main point of the dream act. This says that if a student graduates from high school and completes either two yearsShow MoreRelatedThe Dream Act ( Development, Relief And Education For Alien Minors974 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Does have culture and beautiful combination of the culture of thousands of immigrants who settle in the US annually. These immigrants brought their culture to the US in one-way or another. They have made changes in the country, whether through the economy, education, work, or military services. Immigrants continue to move to the US so that they can live better lives. The DREAM ACT is very important and it should be pass to give opportunities these illegal children. The DREAM ACT (DevelopmentRead MoreImmigrants and the American Dream Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagescommon, they all had a dream, that dream was the American Dream. In the present day the desire to achieve the dream hasnt changed. However, the idea of the American Dream, brings up a lot of questions. What is the American Dream? Who defines it? Can it be achieved? Lastly, should everyone have a chance to achieve it? What is the American Dream? When this question was asked on the first day of class, there were many different answers as to what makes up the American Dream. Some people said havingRead MoreMake a Wish Foundation1066 Words   |  5 Pageseffort and dreams created with each new life. Imagine holding that perfect bundle of joy in your hands and looking into those eyes; seeing all the possibilities and future dreams in that one tiny gift God has given you. Imagine now those same eyes, looking at you from a hospital bed and hearing the doctors tell you that your child, your precious gift, is terminal. At that one moment, how many dreams would come crashing to the ground for both the parents and the child? Those dreams, those preciousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson909 Words   |  4 Pagesidea of dream. Dream is the thing which everyone of us need to have. It is our vision. Dream is that what you want to do in future to achieve success in yo ur life. The dream is mainly dependent on settings of one lives and one’s social status. For example, The Declaration of Independence was by Thomas Jefferson. His American Dream, was to make people free from Britishers and to be treated equally. Martin Luther King, gave a dream speech call freedom, but mostly for the African American who like himselfRead MoreThe American Dream in The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros1511 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Dream, yes everybody has one, it can be from living in a large house and having a million dollars to just having the privilege to live in America and try to make something better for themselves in this new life or new start they are trying to grasp. There are many traditions and dreams of every American today while some dreams are practical and some are not and most of all their dreams are from the heart. The American dream is really simple--it consists of a house a job a car threeRead MoreThe Lit tle Glass Slipper By Charles Perrault925 Words   |  4 Pagesreads. Many children are exposed to fairy-tale at a young age, and for these children fairy-tales play an important role in the development of their personal morals and values. â€Å"The Little Glass Slipper† and â€Å"Cinderella† both focus on a young girl who is mistreated by her step-mother and step-sisters and is later rescued by a prince, â€Å"The Girl with No Hands† is also about a young girl who is tormented by the devil and gets her hands cut off. A consistent message that is presented to children throughRead MoreIn the World of Dreams1300 Words   |  6 Pagesof Dreams The science behind dreams can be used to find out the different types of dreams and how different age groups dream along with how different genders dream. Different types of dreams consist of day dreams, nightmares, lucid dreams, normal dreams, etc. Men and women both dream differently in a sense to what they dream about. Adults and children tend to dream differently also. There are different types of dreams. There are nightmares and day dreams. Day dreams areRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Literary Analysis1023 Words   |  5 PagesOur parents always told us that we should have goals and dreams in our life, and through them we will gain happiness. There are some things in life that get in the way of our dreams and goals. In the Declaration of Independence, It states that we have the right to pursue happiness. For example having everybody in the world be equal, and not be shamed upon or looked at differently due to the color of their skin. The poem  ¨The Negro Mother, ¨ the play A Raisin in the Sun, and the article Innocence IsRead More Unfulfilled Dreams in Amy Tan’s Two Kinds Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesbe unfulfilled dreams†. After losing everything in China, the mother of Jing Mei comes to America with the dream that Jing Mei will have it all: fame, fortune, and most of all success unlike herself. Little does she kno w, her dream will be short-lived. All Parents have dreams for their children. A lot of parents want their children to succeed in life and push them to do so. Some parents want their children to be just like them, but most of the time parents push their children to do things thatRead MoreThe American Dream1150 Words   |  5 Pagesdistributed in different ways. Does race affect the success of the american dream? The American dream, a goal that makes up the energy of the country, it’s what keeps the people going. In America there is education, a vial source of where you are able to study anything you want and know that you will have a stable future. With different situations people are put it that keeps them from even believing the American dream is possible, is no longer on the table to grasp and create, but to worry about

The Downside Risk of Applt Texas Essay Samples That No One Is Talking About

The Downside Risk of Applt Texas Essay Samples That No One Is Talking About Texas hold all that I love from my family to my buddies. It has many different events going on during the year that you can often hear music just sitting outside your house. While Photoshop ought to be employed to enhance colors and earn a shot clearer, it's instead utilized to deceive the viewer by making an image up to now from reality that it might as well be a wholly different picture. If you can't immediately think of a substantial day, you most likely don't have a good deal of material for this essay. Besides the things you should always remember, in addition, there are some items which you shouldn't do when creating the content of your college essay. Tell us a topic that you've changed your head on in the last three decades. Details of Applt Texas Essay Samples Custom writing means a critical company with high standards. To purchase essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. Writing quality essays is the principal purpose of our services. In this instance, attempt to hit the minimal words required and be sure that the essay which you will write is packed with relevan t info and useful specifics. It is very important to note that a few of these statements could possibly be using prompts that are no longer accepted by colleges. There can be personal information which you want considered as a member of your admissions application. An admissions officer is significantly more likely to bear in mind an applicant who has quite a specific essay written in a distinctive and quirky way. Manage student advising appointments with an on-line sign up. Now you can get genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. These strong words don't need adverbs, and this also makes a concise, flowing sentence that's simple to read. In addition, there are some who think they are fit candidates and are guaranteed to have a spot for enrollment. The subsequent easy scholarships have application processes which are a little more manageable. Whispered Applt Texas Essay Samples Secrets This essay topic is a significant chance for humor. So when you have an essay assigned that you will need help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. Some ask you to compose short essays while some don't require any essays in any way! When writing this essay, choose a subject of interest. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you want to contact. The duration of your essay is not what universities start looking for. You are able to easily buy unique college essays and don't neglect to tell friends and family about it. Before you commence writing your college essay, you might want to see the essay examplesA that we've listed for you, so you may have more idea on what things to put in the college essay you will create. Who knew essay writing may be so tough. The sort of essay you're looking for will be provided to you within the deadline offered to you. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Share an essay on any subject of your selection. The Debate Over Applt Texas Essay Samples There are a lot of things to consider and most importantly, is the dependability of the service you decide to use. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. Attempt to conclude with an illustration of the way the failure improved the direction you deal with similar situations now. Various things to various men and women, since the situation demanded. However, we managed to receive a spot were we could see everything. The ideal way to spot errors is by getting somebody else to read your work. The usage of the exclamation mark provides the sentence that Eureka moment. Your list will just supply you with a headache if you don't locate a remedy to end your problems. Applt Texas Essay Samples Help! Within this essay, select a time which you were able to follow experiences and perspectives contrary to yours with respect and maturity. You're able to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the assistance of our professional experts. After the topic of slavery arises Texas doesn't automatically come to mind. Be sure you connect the significance of the activity to a particular experience or story to provide the essay direction.

Analysis of Pret a Manger Essay examples - 1567 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION Prà ªt A Manger is Britain’s most environmentally friendly food supplier and specializes in fresh sandwiches and drinks containing no chemicals. This report will be taking a look at internal and external factors the company positively and negatively. The report will include what they do well and not so well? What issues are affecting the company at present and in the future? In order to assess the company and possible future strategies it is necessary to conduct a SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. What is SWOT and PESTEL analysis? SWOT analysis is the strategic planning method used to the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a business. And on the other hand PESTEL analysis stands for political,†¦show more content†¦* With United Kingdom budget for 2010 out, the general election coming up and the country in serious debt, there is uncertainty what the future holds with politicians different set of policies. Already there are increases in duty of some products consumer can hardly do without. And also with plans to increase tax for debt recovery, customers’ confidence will be low spending their money due to uncertainty of the country’s future and will affect Pret whose target are office workers and affluent customers. 3.2. ECONOMIC FACTORS * Price of petrol hitting the record high this year will affect both Pret A manger in the transportation of raw materials and its customers cutting back on spending. * Stable oil price has created a stable business environment. Brent oil now trade at 85 US Dollars with an increase or decrease of 0.5 approximately a day. This steady price will help Pret A Manger in forecasting top management decisions as long as other factors remain constant. * The recent devaluation of Pound Sterling ( £1) against the US Dollar ($1.5) means, Pret spend more money trading globally, compared to when the Pound Sterling ( £1) much stronger than the US Dollar ($2). This will affect their annual profits or is likely to lead to unethical trading as they look for the cheapest sources to get their raw materials. 3.3. SOCIAL FACTORS * Pret A Manger claims their products are Fairtrade and Rainforest Alliance Certified, whichShow MoreRelatedOrganisation and Behaviour1683 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational structure is the framework of task and authority relationships in a company ,that allow managers to coordinate/motivate people. Organizational culture is a set of shared company values and norms ,that shape employee and group interactions. Analysis and Findings Task 1 a) The role of management is to create supportive environment and focus on problem solving to improve the quality of work environment within organisation. As we know money and profit making is a very important factors of organisationsRead MoreBtec National Diploma Level 3 Unit 3 Introduction to Marketing12741 Words   |  51 Pagesthey are doing for charities. They use T.V advertisements, posters and sponsorship to give awareness of there company to the public. B) Prà ªt a manger Prà ªt a manger currently has 225 stores in the mostly U.K, 10 of which are in Hong Kong and 10 in New York. They currently employ 2563 staff and are looking to employ around 1 more a week. Prà ªt a manger sell high quality goods but as a consequence of this they have to increase prices. There food products contain no preservatives and no pesticidesRead MoreEssay on Pret a Manger3585 Words   |  15 Pages...........1 (Jolly, Ivana) Introduction to Prà ªt a manger and the type of international marketing..........................2 (Ivana, Micheal) Prà ªt a manger’s 7P’s.......................................................................................................4 (Ivana, Michael) SWOT analysis of the Prà ªt a manger.............................................................................7 (Jolly, Michael) How does Prà ªt a manger do its international marketing?................Read MorePret A Manger Internationalization strategy7001 Words   |  29 Pagesï » ¿ From: Group 4 J. Bernardo C. Boussard C. Couton L. Tomuta M. L. Tourà © To: Dr Jovana Stanisljevic Place of origin: London, UK Date: October 2014 Plan I. About PRET A MANGER 1 Brief overview of the organization 1 The company’s current international operations and strategy 3 II. Three potential target markets 5 Brazil 5 Why this country? 5 Which issues in the economic, cultural and political environment will the company have to consider when entering this marketRead MorePret a Manger2557 Words   |  11 PagesThis was realized with the opening of the first Pret a Manger which was launched in London, in 1986. Today, the private limited company is one of the most popular sandwich retailers in the United Kingdom. Pret offers a variety of food, such as sushi, pastries, berries, fruit bowls, salads and many different sandwiches as well as a choice of fresh juices, tea and coffee drinks. Unlike most fast food retailers, there is a kitchen in every Pret A Manger shop. Chefs come every day, early in the morningRead MorePret a Manger: Management Information System a Competitive Advantage3275 Words   |  14 PagesTitle: THE VALUE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS ON ORGANISATIONS – THE ADDED VALUE AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THAT SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION DELIVER TO PRET A MANGER Ltd. Lecture: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONG SYSTEMS Code: WM201 Level / Semester: MBA 2 Programme: MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Subject Tutor: TREVOR SHARPE Name of Student: Juan Manuel Aristizà ¡bal Candamil Student’s Registration Number: 20971 Date of Submission: 5TH January 2012 Word Count: 3300 words Word Limit: 3500Read MoreOperations Management5704 Words   |  23 PagesContent Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 3 Acme Whistles vs. Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 5 Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza 6 Chilis McDonald’s Baskin Robbins – by Mishel Chakkalakal 9 McDonald’s Newspaper Review – by Ashwin Nandakumar 13 Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 1) Read the short case on Pret A Manger and (a) identify the process in a typical Pret A Manger Shop together with their inputs and outputs, (b) Pret A Manger also suppliesRead MoreOperations Management5696 Words   |  23 PagesTable of Content Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 3 Acme Whistles vs. Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 5 Touchwood Subway Vs. IKEA Pret A Manger – by Shalwin D’souza 6 Chilis McDonald’s Baskin Robbins – by Mishel Chakkalakal 9 McDonald’s Newspaper Review – by Ashwin Nandakumar 13 Pret A Manger – by Mithun Chacko 1) Read the short case on Pret A Manger and (a) identify the process in a typical Pret A Manger Shop together with their inputs and outputs, (b) Pret A Manger also suppliesRead More122155 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance objectives that underpin operations management to organisations 2 LO3 Understand how to organise a typical production process 3.1 Assess how linear programming adds value to a given production process 3 3.2 Evaluate critical path analysis and network planning 3 3.3 Justify the need for operational planning and control in a selected production process 3 LO4 Be able to apply relevant techniques to the production of an operational plan for an organisation. 4.1 Produce a set ofRead MoreWhy Operations Management Is Important For Organizations2623 Words   |  11 Pagesmake corrections or modifications when goals are not being met or carried out in a manner consistent with company policy. †¢ evaluate, by using a process model, the operations management of a selected organization We could go further with our analysis and examine the sub-processes involved in the transformation in more detail. For example, as you can see the making of the sandwich requires: the spreading of margarine, the slicing or grating of the cheese, the preparation of the salad, the assembly

Holdens Misapprehension of Death in Essay Example For Students

Holdens Misapprehension of Death in Essay Death is one of lifes most mysterious occurrences. It is sometimes difficult to comprehend why an innocent young child has to die, and a murderer is released from prison and gets a second chance at life. There is no simple explanation for this. Though, perhaps the best, would be the theological perspective that God has a prewritten destiny for every man and woman. In J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye Holden often finds himself questioning his faith and pondering why an innocent adolescent like his brother Allie has to die. By the close of the novel Holden learns to accept not only death but life as well. There are several instances within J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye in which Holden expresses his misapprehension of death. In Chapter 5, on page 38 Holden provides a long excursus on Allie, specifying the particulars of his life and death. The consequential point comes at the close of the digression when Holden discloses his own reaction to Allies death. In this Chapter Hol den first poses the question of why did Allie have to die at such a young age. Another example of Holdens confusion about death can be found in Chapter 9, on page 60. In a cab on the way to the Edmont Hotel Holden asks the cab driver if he knows what happens to the ducks in the lake in Central Park during the winter. Although this question may seem trivial, it is in fact a way of Holden asking what happens to people when they die. What Holden really wants to know is if they just disappear or do they move on to a more suitable place. Unfortunately the cab driver doesnt truly comprehend Holdens question and is unable to provide an adequate explanation for him. One final illustration of Holdens misconception of death is evident in Chapter 12, on pages 81-82. In this instance Holden once again poses the question of what happens to the ducks in the lake in Central Park during the winter. This driver, Horowitz, responds much more climactically than the anonymous driver in Chapter 9. , and he provides a ardent series of remarks. Horowitz changes the subject of the con versation from ducks to fish, because he can cope with them. Horowitz is also a believer of the rightness of things. His departing comment: Listen,if you was a fish, Mother Natured take care of you, wouldnt she? Right? You dont think them fish just die when it gets to be winter do ya?Youre goddam right they dont. elucidates his thinking completely. This conversation clarifies many things for Holden and helps him begin to understand the true meaning of death. Throughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye Holden is constantly struggling to accept and understand the true meaning of not only death but life as well, for if Holden doesnt accept death he can never truly understand life. By the end of this great work by Salinger, Holden is on the road to recovery with a much more detailed and complex understanding of life and death. He now accepts Allies death, and will be able to continue to live a much less stressful and much freer life.

Media Portrayal of Stereo Types free essay sample

Calvin Banks Jar. Professor Loran Condition English 225 6 December 2011 Media Representation of Rappers The Media represents a majority of rappers In a negative manner, the first things that come to mind when a person heres the word rapper Is violence, guns, rape, sports cars, and sexual satisfaction. For Example what Is the first thing that comes to mind when a person heres the word country singer hardworking, patriotic, good morals, respecting women and having morals. Thats the problem!Most rappers are black people and the way the media portrays them causes people of others races to look at them in a negative manner. To carry on the country singer example, most people look at country singers in a positive manner. The rap music that blasts from the stereo causes stereotypes, maybe that where that word originated from. When a jury member enters the court room those stereotypes are embedded in there subconscious. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Portrayal of Stereo Types or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They may sneak and watch the news or talk to people about the rapper their judging.The usual senior is the prosecutors play the rappers music and videos in court, the jurors hear the music and automatically deliberate a guilty verdict based off the rappers violent lyrics. Most rappers have a vivid imagination hat should be taken into account but usually that is not the case. The Media caused the death of two famous rappers Outpace Shaker and Biggie Smalls by sensationalistic a fall out between the two rappers. Mr.. Shaker was a complex and sometimes contradictory figure, with a career featuring million-selling albums, gunshot wounds and run-ins with the police.He was an intelligent, vivid writer who had studied acting at the High School of Performing Arts in Baltimore; he was an accomplished rapper with a husky baritone and crisp enunciation. He was also a convicted sex offender, and the words Thug Life and Outlaw were tattooed on his DOD. Its really unfortunate that the violent perception that the world has of that young man may be exacerbated by the way he died: art Is being confused with real life, Mr.. Shakers lawyer, Shawn S. Chapman, said yesterday In Los Angels. There was this wonderful, charming, bright, talented, funny person that no one Is going to get to know; they are Just going to know this other side. Hopefully, this will have some positive effect on people the gang members who are shooting each other. Although some may say that Outpace laid down In the bed he made, It Is always unfortunate when someone with talent dies at such a young age, regardless of circumstances, hopefully the reaction to what has happened will dampen enthusiasm for violence among those who looked up to him, rather than promote it. Media Portrayal of Stereo Types By driven The Media represents a majority of rappers in a negative manner, the first things that come to mind when a person heres the word rapper is violence, guns, rape, sports cars, and sexual satisfaction. For Example what is the first thing that comes to mind when a person heres the word country singer hardworking, patriotic, good rapper their Judging.The usual senior is the prosecutors play the rappers music and videos in court, the Jurors hear the music and automatically deliberate a guilty sometimes contradictory figure, with a career featuring million-selling albums, young man may be exacerbated by the way he died: art is being confused with real life, Mr.. Shakers lawyer, Shawn S. Chapman, said yesterday in Los Angels. There was this wonderful, charming, bright, talented, funny person that no one is going to positive effect on people the gang members who are shooting each other. Although some may say that Outpace laid down in the bed he made, it is always

Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essays

Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essays Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essay Report detailing an analysis of Gary Tredwells Cash Flow Essay In this report, I will be breaking down your cash flow forecast in detail and will be making suggestions and pointing out problems and telling you how I would change them. A cash flow forecast is a statement that shows the expected movements of the cash in and out of a business. It is normally prepared on a 12 month basis but predictions will more than likely be done on a monthly basis. Cash Inflows: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 16850 1900 2600 3000 3200 3600 3700 3900 4000 4100 4200 4500 Cash out flows: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 16950 1610 3190 3470 3480 3630 3880 3785 3905 4045 3975 4155 This shows cash inflows from January to December compared with the outflows from January to December I will be using these figures to make recommendation for the issues that I have found. Cash inflows: Sales: Issue: At the start it looks like you have good sales. However you outflow started to become higher than your sales you can see this in six of the months on the statement. Your sales gradually increase towards august and is positive but not by a lot, only by à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½115, unfortunately you are still left with a negative closing balance. Credit Sales: Issue: Credit sales this is when a product is sold to a customer on credit, which means they receive the product before they have paid for it, normally the customer will start to pay it off a month after purchase. This method is used to gain more sales. In your business case selling on credit has gained your more sales as credit sales have increased each month the highest point increased to 1500. Credit sales are a bit of a gamble as you can never predict a late or missed payment. However it does increase the inflow on the cash flow statement. Something that you might consider doing is charging people interest if they are late to repay you this way people would be more inclined to pay you on time. Also it means that if you have to pay interest on a bank overdraft because you dont have the money up front because of a late payment it will then cover your costs. Recommendation: My recommendation would be to increase your prices as you have low sales, this might be essential to your survival and this is your main objective. Potentially you could increase your sales if you did some more advertising. By advertising your business more it will cost you quite a bit of money in the short term. However in the long time I think it will be beneficial. Capital Expenditure: Fixed assets: Issue: You have spent a lot of money on your fixed assets, as this is your first business it is essential that you buy equipment that is needed for you to succeed, as they will hopefully last you a long time. I have noticed that you have spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 on a trolley jack, there are also I few other that you have spent a lot of money on some of which I dont think were really necessary. This money could have been better spent in other areas of the business. Recommendation: Instead of buying all of your equipment and spending a lot of money in one go it might benefit you more if you had rented equipment like the trolley jack and just brought the essential equipment. This is more expensive in the long term but more beneficial in the short term. This will take half of the capital introduced to the business at the start of the month. This is because you will be paying small amounts each month for the equipment instead of a huge lump some at the beginning. Revenue Expenditure Overheads: Issue: General expenses consist of things like rent, gas, electricity, insurance and power. At the moment you are paying à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month for your rent this is a very good price and only à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½150 every three months for you light and power which is also very reasonable. Your material costs are at a reasonable price but your sales should be doubling the money you spent so this shows like I said early that you should put your prices up. As the prices are reasonable I am sure you shouldnt have to much difficulty keeping up with payments. However your telephone bill is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month which is the equivalent of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2400 a year you need to keep this bill as low as possible as it is costing you a lot. Recommendation: There are only a couple of things I can think of that will benefit you in this area the first would be to contact your supplier and see if you could start buying in bulk this would cost you more in the short term but would be less in the long term. The other suggestion I would make is to change to a contract mobile for the business look for one with unlimited calls this would cost around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 a month, as you are spending on average à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 a month this would save you à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½150 a month which is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1800 a year. Personal Drawings: Issue: At the moment you are taking over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1000 a month for your self, I am sure this is what you deserve for the work you do. It would benefit the business if you tried to cut this down if possible. Recommendation: Your business will consistently stay negative unless you cut down on the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1010 you earn a month. Net Cash Flow: Issue: The difference between the cash inflow and outflow of the business is called the net cash flow. Your expenditure is higher than it should be as a result of this your business was only positive once in the first seven months. Also you used up the capital introduced of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16000 before the second month which is not good. Recommendation You need to reduce your expenditure in order to survive. From what I see you have a lot of expenses to sales. You could start up new methods of selling your product such as advertising, cold calling set up an internet site. Closing Balance Issue: Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 100 390 -200 -670 -280 -310 -490 -375 -280 -225 0 345 The figures above show your closing balance. Unfortunately for you the majority are negative. However towards the end of the year it is looking better which means if you can keep this going your business has a high chance of survival. You need to keep your closing balance positive because when applying for a bank loan the cash flow forecast for you business is one of the things that they will look at. Recommendation: In the first couple of months as you can see your business isnt doing to great but if you follow the recommendations I have suggested then hopefully your business will turn around like it has started to do in December. If the closing is consistently kept positive then applying for a loan will be essential for the business as it could be used to invest in to the business. However at the moment you would not be able to apply for a bank loan as the majority of months are negative.